Midieval Technology And Social Change :: essays research papers

Medieval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change Oxford University Press originally distributed Medieval Technology and Social Change in 1962. It talks about the mechanical advances during the medieval occasions and how these progressions influenced society. The book's writer, Lynn White, Jr., was conceived in San Francisco in 1907. Instructed at Stanford, Union Theological, and Princeton, White educated at Princeton and the University of California at Los Angeles. He was additionally leader of Mills College in Oakland from the 1940s to the 1960s. His different works incorporate Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays, distributed in 1978 and Life & Work in Medieval Europe, the Evolution of Medieval Economy from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century, distributed in 1982. White's work has been compelling both in medieval history and the historical backdrop of science. In Medieval Technology and Social Change, White inspects the job of mechanical advancement during the ascent of s ocial gatherings in the Middle Ages. White starts with the innovation of the stirrup. He shows how this development, thusly, presented substantial, long-extend mounted force to the medieval combat zone. The improvement in this way raised little scope strife to "shock combat." Cannons and fire hurlers followed, as accomplished increasingly tranquil creations, for example, watermills and harvesters. White likewise surveys the advancement of the manorial framework with the presentation of new sorts of furrows and new strategies for crop revolution. He audits the development of the scratch blast through the substantial furrow and clarifies the utilization of each kind in various zones of Europe. White next examines the social impacts of feudalism and how it spread from the Franks to Spain and later to England. He shows that military help turned into a matter of class, with grounds and titles being traded for the promise to fill in as mounted warriors. The idea of the k night's obligation to his master converted into valor and respectable commitment. White at that point wanders into the moderate breakdown of feudalism, coming to fruition with the improvement of machines and devices. This caused the presentation of production lines, which replaced cabin ventures. Albeit White's work misses the mark in a couple of zones, it is significant for the consideration that it pays to parts of medieval history that time after time go disregarded White's work is significant on the grounds that he advocates the significance of science and innovation to medieval history. Prior to White, barely any researchers felt that any noteworthy science or building was done in Europe during the Middle.

Quit Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stop Smoking - Essay Example Measurable realities inside the United States uncover that smoking is one among the main preventable reasons for death. The explanation I pick this paper is that it unequivocally expresses the reactions related with direct smoking. What's more, it offers arrangements important to empower addicts free themselves from this servitude. Besides, the message on this archive will assume a huge job in helping those that have begun smoking in the close to time. Then again, it will debilitate potential smokers. Aside from playing out the capacity of caution, it enlarges the information base about the impacts of direct smoking. Thusly, this will permit an uncommon decrease in the quantity of smokers internationally with thinking about the current measurable pattern. The demonstration of smoking roundabout tobacco or some other unsafe substance from the earth, makes one a recycled smoke. As it were, recycled smokers are otherwise called inactive smokers. Impacts emerging from one being a detached smoker are not as hurtful contrasted with those of direct smoking. A portion of the impacts that aloof smokers are probably going to experience incorporate unexpected losses, expanded odds of one to experience the ill effects of lung malignant growth, and from heart entanglements. Among youngsters, it may likewise result to less than ideal demise and ear inconveniences. The record likewise gives the important answers for non-smokers to maintaining a strategic distance from these impacts. The motivation behind this web-archive is to play out an educative job to both the smokers and the aloof smokers. It has obviously shown a portion of the symptoms related with being an aloof smoker. This report will make it feasible for a smoker to secure the wellbeing status of the latent smokers. So also, the non-smokers will have the option to abstain from smoking zones or being around a consuming cigarette. The report has offered powerful arrangement that will guarantee the medical problems are a need. Besides, through this archive the smokers are relied upon to be increasingly capable in wording

Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Education

Question: Examine about the diverse term for Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Education? Answer: Differential Diagnosis of Hypertension The systolic pulse (SBP) is considered as a main consideration for the discovery of hypertension (Quinn et al. 2010). The Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring is the differential test done to recognize exact hypertension. The beneath portrayed in ABPM process for conclusion: - Screening and distinguishing proof of Blood Pressure It includes routine screening procedure of circulatory strain assessment. The assessed circulatory strain is ordered according to segments underneath: - HTN stages Systolic (BP mmHg) Diastolic (BP mmHg) Pre-HTN 120-139 80-89 HTN stage 1 140-159 90-99 HTN stage 2 160 100 Table 1: The phases of hypertension (Source: Quinn et al. 2010, p. 245) The conclusion method included deciding the circulatory strain of patient with mobile pulse estimation procedure (ABPM). The ABPM is a little, portable, programmed machine that is associated with patients circulatory strain sleeve in the medical clinic room. This is considered as the most precise estimation of circulatory strain and for the most part utilized as a differential analysis of hypertension (Patton, Frank Clark, 2013). The ABPM gadget is utilized to record circulatory strain of the patient with instrument oscillometry. In this procedure, the circulatory strain was estimated in normal interim of 20 to 30 moment for coming 24 to 48hours. The accounts of pulse are accounted for 24hours isolated into two segment day readings (conscious BP) and night readings (rest BP). Differential finding of Type - 2 Diabetes Mellitus The Patient relates to manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 will experience the differential conclusion tests that includes the accompanying three tests Finding Test: - Test Sign of DM2 Hemoglobin A1C test 6.5% Fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) 126mg/dL 2h plasma glucose level 200mg/dL Arbitrary Plasma glucose level 200mg/dL Table 2: Test for finding of diabetes mellitus type-2 (Source: American Diabetes Association, 2010, p. 67) Hemoglobin A1C test This finding decides the joined glucose atoms to hemoglobin cells of the blood. This demonstrates the volume of blood glucose level that is been conveyed by hemoglobin atoms from most recent 3 months and not been changed over to glycogen in the body (Inzucchi, 2012). Strategy for determination: - The blood glucose level is tried in three spans that are before, a great many dinners and sleep time test The blood test of the patient is gathered each time by the conventional technique for pricking the fingertip and the Blood Glucose Meter gathers blood test for getting the perusing of test. The test outcomes are recorded and concentrated by authority Stages Hemoglobin A1C levels for DM2 Typical 5.7% Prediabetes 6.5% Diabetes 5.7 to 6.4% Table 3: Stages of hemoglobin level for DM2 (Source: Inzucchi, 2012, p.545) Fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) The FPG test is utilized to decide blood glucose level in the phase of fasting where the body doesn't get glucose for 8 hours. In this testing if the estimation of blood glucose level comes high, demonstrates just that glucose which isn't changed over to glycogen in the body and stays in the blood. However, in this examination conclusions the glucose particles joined to plasma cells of blood (Chattopadhyay et al. 2013). Steps of finding: - The patient is told to stay in fasting stage since night untill 8-10 hours; just took into consideration water utilization. In morning (8:00 am) after culmination of 10 hours, the blood test was directed by gathering blood test from arm of body and sent for research center investigation Stages FPG glucose level Typical 110 mg/dL Debilitated fasting glucose 111 to 125 mg/dL Diabetic 126 mg/dL Table 4: Stages of FPG test for DM2 (Source: Inzucchi, 2012, p.546) 2-Hour Plasma glucose level The patient is permitted to have a feast after FPG and again by following comparative technique, the blood test was gathered following 2 hours of the dinner (11:00 am) to decide the plasma glucose level. Irregular Plasma glucose level This last test is performed arbitrarily in any timeframe inside the day to decide the typical blood glucose level. The estimation of arbitrary plasma glucose test can change with time and feast devoured by the patient. Be that as it may, if the irregular plasma glucose level is resolved high joined with FPG and hemoglobin A1C test, it affirms diabetes mellitus type - 2 in the patient (Chattopadhyay et al. 2013). For gathering the blood test, comparative strategy depicted in FPG was followed yet the hour of inspecting is 3:00 pm. Differential determination of Ischemic coronary illness The accompanying investigation was performed to affirm Ischemic coronary illness in the patient. Reverberation Stress test or Cardiac Echo The coronary heart blockages show no side effects at resting position. In any case, at the time of activity or stress when the heart siphons and requires more blood for oxygenation, the coronary heart blockages permit a moderate blood stream towards heart making the starvation stage in the body. This starvation prompts advancement of indications in ischemic coronary illness. In this starvation condition, the ordinary development of septum gets limited in heart showing ailment (McMurray et al. 2012). Finding technique Any of the past heart related drug was halted 2-3 days preceding this test The patient is told to not have any supper or drink three hours before reverberation stress test The patient is purchased to resound research facility at resting stage, where the ordinary working of the considerable number of dividers of the heart is dictated by echocardiogram (EKG or ECG). A boring gel is applied on the chest and the reverberation transducer is put over the chest. This transducer permits getting imaging of heart from different areas as required in the test. Understanding was permitted to hold breath and discharge for clear picture new, the patient is told to experience practice stage till starvation and the pressure reverberation readings are gathered from starvation stage by comparative way utilizing echocardiogram All the account were gathered and dissected by authority in ECG research center (Qaseem et al. 2012) Spiroergometry This test includes the procedure to analyze the high respiratory rate prompting breathing issues in the patient experiencing ischemic coronary illness. The spirometry includes the way toward recording ECG in the phase of most extreme oxygen take-up by the body (McPhee Papadakis, 2010). Finding strategy The patient is permitted to practice on the bike ergometer to arrive at the phase of starvation. The breathing veil of instrument gathers the air quiet in breathing in and breathing out. This respiratory air is utilized to decide the oxygen take-up, AT, RCP, discharge carbon-di-oxide and greatest oxygen take-up of the body (Nabel Braunwald, 2012). Plan Prescription Prescription Reason Hyzaar SIG For treatment of hypertension and bringing down the danger of stroke metFORMIN The oral medication to control glucose level explicitly type-2 diabetes mellitus. amLODIPine These are calcium channel blockers that expansion blood stream in the body and give unwinding to veins. Lantus An artificially developed type of insulin used to bring down the blood glucose level Aspir 81 Ibuprofen prescription is given to decrease torment, fever and irritation in body Labetalol Beta blockers for the treatment of hypertension Atorvastatin This medication is inhibitors of HMG CoA that diminishes cholesterol level and triglycerides level in blood Cipro Anti-toxin for treatment of disease in body Table 5: Prescribed prescriptions with their method of reasoning (Source: Patton, Frank Clark, 2013, p. 3456) Training Pee tract disease in men: care guidelines The accompanying guidelines are required to be followed for command over urinary tract contamination Obviously comprehend the reason for contamination Embrace individual cleanliness rehearses however much as could be expected Wash hands when pee and suppers Admission a lot of water, least 3-4glasses every day to clear happening contamination Admission food containing nutrient D that are broccoli, oranges and different citrus natural products Use cotton underpants Practice safe intercourse with insurances like condom Cut off caffeine and liquor utilization Call experts in circumstances like diminished pee stream, pee trouble and no vacant bladder feeling after pee (Hooton, 2012). Non-drug medicines The non-drug medicines are not the piece of standard prescription convention but rather are verbally trained by doctors for the board and care of wellbeing conditions. Non-prescription treatment for DMT2 Eat plant food that controls DMT2 that are okra, peas, sage, fenugreek seeds, buckwheat and brewers yeast Admission rich sinewy eating regimen Diabetes is constantly connected with weight gain; along these lines, receive weight reduction forms like activities or yoga Get standard glucose investigation and eye test once in 3 months (Gagnier et al. 2013) Non-prescription treatment for hypertension Have a DASH diet to lessen hypertension that is recommended by specialists. Run diet includes eating of organic products, vegetables, entire grains, fish, poultry and low-fat dairy items (Birdee et al. 2010) limit the admission of fat-rich eating regimen Rich admission of magnesium, calcium and potassium Keep up standard 30 to an hour of activity calendar to have lower circulatory strain Old yoga, qigong and judo unwinding techniques are additionally useful as non-drug for hypertension (Yildirim et al. 2010) Non-drug treatment for Ischemic coronary illness Have plant base di

Drawbacks of recession in the economy Term Paper

Disadvantages of downturn in the economy - Term Paper Example 9-passage 1). In this way, financial aspects and cultural analysts view and measure other scope of factors, for example, the general government assistance of individuals, level of costs among numerous other monetary development or decay markers. Subsequently, for the reasons for this article, the paper will concentrate on the disadvantages of downturn to the worldwide economies with a slanted enthusiasm for the United States of America. In particular, the paper would express how downturn prompts increment in joblessness principles, decrease in the personal satisfaction or government assistance and a decrease in the cost of advantages. In the first place, there is the example and circumstance of falling yield or the national creation level. It is basic to note and notice that once the nation produces lesser than the genuine potential, the GDP or the total proportion of estimation of a country’s riches would be diminished. The measure of genuine Gross household item legitimately identifies with the measure of pay that a similar individual or substance would be figure it out. Therefore, the measure of wages would be slanted to develop in a more slow rate or decrease inside and out. There stems a blend of workers motivations and inclination to make a structure inside the legislature to redistribute assets (Palley, 2013, p. 25-section 2). For example in the United States of America, Walmart retailers as a business to numerous individuals has in the past built up a program of remunerating its workers through rewards and constant compensations and pay increment. Anyway during the hour of national downturn, the representatives of Walmart were neither given rewards nor compensation increments. Rather, there was a decrease in their total budgetary advantages, for example, being given just their fundamental compensations and wages. In this manner, in all angles and decency, it is basic to take note of that the compensation levels and reward of the workers diminished. Furthermore, during times of monetary

Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Income Recognition Essay The income acknowledgment standard is an establishment of collection bookkeeping and one of the primary standards of GAAP. The income acknowledgment standard is a lot of rules that causes bookkeepers to distinguish when an income occasion has occurred and how to suitably record money trades previously, during, and after the income occasion. As per the income acknowledgment head, income must (1) be acknowledged or feasible and (2) earned, so as to be perceived. As per the SEC income is acknowledged when (1) Persuasive proof of a game plan exists, (2) Delivery has happened or benefits have been rendered, (3) The seller’s cost to the purchaser is fixed or definable, and (4) Collectability is sensibly guaranteed. It is basic for the clients of budget reports to realize that the genuine incomes are recorded and unveiled and not false incomes. An imperative of GAAP that is applicable to the income acknowledgment guideline is the materiality standard. False incomes will make misquotes that could materially affect the choices of budget summary clients. In 2002, WorldCom a media transmission organization, petitioned for financial protection. It was later uncovered that the organization was associated with inappropriate bookkeeping in two significant structures. First WorldCom swelled incomes to expand benefits, in this manner expanding stock costs, and expanding the fulfillment of partners. Second, the organization downplayed line costs. Income is imperative to clients of budget summaries since it causes them assess a company’s execution and possibilities. WorldCom disregarded the income acknowledgment standard by making a record that didn't originate from the working exercises of the company’s deals channel. WorldCom named this imaginary timetable corporate unallocated account. This activity was untrustworthy and unlawful, and gave the organization an extremely awful notoriety. As per section 25 of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, on account of its significance to compelling inner power over money related announcing, the examiner must assess the control condition at the organization. As a major aspect of assessing the control condition, the reviewer ought to evaluate the accompanying, †¢Does administrations theory and working style advance successful inside authority over money related announcing? Has the organization created sound uprightness and moral qualities, and all the more significantly, do all workers comprehend these qualities, especially top administration? †¢Does the Board or review panel comprehends and practices oversight obligation over monetary detailing and inward control? The control condition is the thing that establishes the pace for an association and is the establishment for every other segment of inward control. It gives order and structure and mirrors the moral qualities, trustworthiness and skills of the association. The control condition is essential to powerful inside command over money related answering to a review customer like WorldCom, in light of the fact that great structures can forestall and distinguish cheats and blunders. But since WorldCom had such a poor control condition, the organization would require additionally testing for a review. This shows the board didn't practice oversight obligations over budgetary revealing or interior controls. As per PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 passages 26 27, the top-side changing diary sections are the point at which the administrators record the sections, or when the bookkeepers are asked by the officials to record the sections. A legitimate utilization of top-side diary passages is to allot pay or costs from a parent organization to its auxiliaries. In any case, top-side alterations can likewise be utilized to inappropriately diminish risk records and increment income or reduction costs. Organizations experiencing mergers, acquisitions or rebuilding are especially helpless to the deceitful abuse of top-side diary passages. Important proof to get incorporate deals solicitations, credit updates, client ace document list, investigative methods, and bookkeeping frameworks. In the examining of WorldCom, we would require changing diary sections, the MonRev spreadsheets itemizing income, the corporate unallocated plan, the mechanized procedure for shutting and merging operational income numbers, and respectability of a top-side diary passage made to their income account. We would likewise require the approval of the CFO or any officials. Great morals is extremely noteworthy for an association. At the point when moral problems are not perceived there could be not kidding outcomes that could prompt detainment. Moreover, an organization will lose its notoriety right away. Expecting that Lorenzo and Taranto realized that the passages being proposed by Scott Sullivan were deceitful they ought not have recorded the diary sections as they were coordinated. On the off chance that WorldCom had a control situation where it took multiple workers to scheme to submit such a huge extortion, and where the board kept an eye on the corporate changing sections, this could have been forestalled. Workers ought to be prepared and guided by a code of morals and saw with proper impacts for infringement

New Developments In Todays Court Room - Free Essay Example

Cameras in the courtroom although not a new topic still seems to be a topic of hot debate. According to an article entitled, Sotomayor Should Push for Cameras in the Courtroom just published in June of 2009; A federal judicial courtroom is still deciding about the judges discretionary power to allow camera in the court room even in 2009 (Breyer Hyatt, 2009). This paper will attempt to look at the history of cameras in the courtroom, the pros and the cons of cameras in our courtrooms, famous court room cases watched by america, and the evolution of cameras in our court rooms today. Cameras first came into play in one of the biggest trials of the 20th century; Bruno Hauptmann for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindberghs child. This led to the restriction of cameras and ultimately led to new laws being adopted to protect privacy; reporters were not restricted due to the media frenzy that ensued as a result of the the Lindbergh case. In turn, this case led to The A merican Bar Association recommended, and many states adopted, rules restricting the use of television cameras, still cameras and broadcast recorders and microphones in courtrooms (Prak, M., Davis, J, p. 2). Another major move in the history of cameras in the court room came in 1965 from Texas In 1965, the United States Supreme Court held that Texas financier Bill Sol Estes had his rights violated by allowing a camera to records his trail (p. 2). This debate would linger for years in which journalists were banned from using cameras, microphones or ever recorders when it came to court proceedings. Another important step forward for camera in the court room is CSPAN was the first ever television station to televise a Supreme Court senate confirmation, the senate confirmation of Sandra OConnor. This proved to be a historic day as it paved the way for televised court proceeding. The next big debate for cameras in the courtroom would come in 1981 in the case of Chandler vs. Florida when the idea of cameras had become less foreign and less like an intrusive object into the world of justice, As a result of camera allowed in trials against two Florida men who were accused of burglary both asserted they had been denied a fair trial. The court in the decision of Chandler v. Florida upheld there convictions. The court ruled that both did not have a valid argument that the criminal trial being broadcast after their right to due process. Furthermore the court argued there was no data that proved that the presence of the media affected the process (Prak, M., Davis, J, p. 2). As a result of this case you could argue this also paved the way for popularizing and glarorizing televised courtroom programs such as Court TV and many other court room shows that are popular. Although the rules and regulations for cameras in the court room has changed dramatically over the years some principles still stand. Court room cameras are still not allowed in juvenile court proceedin gs, adoption cases and child custody cases. These types of special hearings are still considered protected from the medias eye. There are many pros to allowing a camera to be involved in the court room process. According to the International Debate Education Association; putting cameras in court will improve public confidence in the judiciary and the system of justice as a whole. It is difficult to see how the public can have confidence in a system that most of them never see (Weeks, 2000). The article goes on further to report, Weeks goes on further to argue that court preceding especially in other countries deal with the doctrine of president, in essence one case decides the fate of those that follow (Weeks, 2000). Finally, one of the last arguments for proponents of camera in the court room is that we as a society have certain rights, especially when it comes to public court proceeds. Anyone can attend these proceeding no matter if they are involved in the case or just a ci tizen who wants to observe. With that in mind how is broadcasting it any different? It is making readily available to individuals who already have the right to view it. On the opposite side, those opposed to cameras in the court room also have valid points; Weeks states that television and the media is distorted and sensationalized and therefore citizens would not get a great or accurate picture of what is actually going on in the legal proceedings. The same article also points out yet another reason we as a society should rethink the idea of cameras in the court room; The system of justice will actually be harmed by televising trials, for two reasons; the effect upon the witnesses and victims of crime, and the possible corruption of the jury and witnesses. Firstly, the prospect that an alleged victim of a crime will have to give evidence in court already deters many from bringing prosecutions. Victims will be much less prepared to give evidence if they know that this painf ul experience is going to be seen by an audience of millions (Weeks, 2000). Are we exposing victims and potential witnesses just for the entertainment of those watching? This could essentially skew the trial process all together; There is a clear tension between the democratic right of the people at large to watch a trial, and the liberty of the defendant in any given case. It is a fundamental precept of many legal systems that the defendant is innocent until proven guilty. By showing the defendant on television, the general public will be able to reach conclusions about guilt or innocence that may not be reflected in the final verdict of the jury. People will tend to assume that theres no smoke without fire although this principle cannot properly be applied to the criminal justice system (Weeks, 2000). In conclusion, there are many reasons for and against why having cameras in the courtroom is either appropriate or inappropriate. However, at the time it appears cameras ar e here to stay. One of the most famous cases proves the good and the bad when it comes to cameras in the court room, the case of O.J. Simpson. Everyone knows the infamous case of O.J. Simpson. According to one source over a one-third of the American Public watched the infamous trial (Jrank.org, 1994). The article goes on to point out an even bigger picture of just how the media covered this trial: Over two thousand reporters covered the trial, and 80 miles of cable was required to allow nineteen television stations to cover the trial live to 91 percent of the American viewing audience. When the verdict was finally read on October 3, 1995, some 142 million people listened or watched. It seemed the nation stood still, divided along racial lines as to the defendants guilt or innocence. During and after the trial, over eighty books were published about the event by most everyone involved in the Simpson case (Jrank.org, 1994). This trail could be labeled as the Trial of the Cent ury in the modern world. One question many have brought up is why? What was the medias fascination with this case or criminal cases in general? According to an article entitled The Publics Fascination with The O.J. Simpson Trial we as a society are voyeurs; According to Lustberg, Americans have always been fascinated with public figures and celebrities. He asserts that as a society who has become increasing engrossed in the lives of other due to all the new technological advances. As a result, the O.J. Simpson story provided people with emotional and physical entertainment. (Lustberg, 1995). In essence it seems that we as a society will always have a fascination with watching court room drama. Whether real or fake it appears as a society the fascination with media in the Court room is here to stay and might explain why a number of TV shows are popping up involving courts. One of the most new types of shows are Judge Shows The shows that mock legal court proceedings in an effor t to get ratings. According to one article: There is one brand of reality show that seems to succeed where all others have failed. The judge shows that grace morning television all over America have become extremely popular with those who are home to watch them. (Noriega, 2006). This is the newest adaptation of voyeurism in the court, although most are not set in a real courtroom they mock the essence of the courtroom which obviously appears to America. In conclusion, it appears Americas fascination with media in the Courtroom is here to stay. Although there are many legal issues that still need to be figured out and the rules and regulations are different in every jurisdiction, Media in the Courts is here to stay. Although this issue will probably remain in debate for many years to come one thing is for sure: Whereas if you have a camera in the courtroom, theres no filtering. What you see is whats there. (ITO, 1995) and that is probably one of the main reasons cameras have been allowed the courtroom. The camera is an unbiased eye that lets the general public see for themselves what actually goes on in the courtroom and make their own conclusions.

A Case Of Ethical Egoism And Utilitarianism - Free Essay Example

Right from our childhood, everyone whether parents or teachers tried to teach us that every action of ours has consequences. Clean our room, get extra desserts. Throw a tantrum, get sent to your room. But in reality, we were just being prepared for intellectual philosophical debates, to deal with morality, which is the distinction between right and wrong. It is believed by most of the philosophers that the ethical equality of an action is judged completely by its results. But here, an important question arises: How will someone judge what is right and wrong ?. Some people say that right and wrong can be judged through the intentions of the person performing the action. Whereas, at the same time, some people say that right and wrong can only be judged by the action of the person. But judging what is right and wrong just by action give rise to another question which binds us in a complete dilemma. What makes an action moral or immoral ?. Some consequentialist responds to this question by saying outcome of that action defines whether the action was moral or immoral. In other words, only the end justifies the means. But how will someone decide whether the consequence itself is good or bad, moral or immoral? People act for many reasons. Some of the important questions which arise are For whom ? or For what ? or Should they act for themselves ? or Should they act for God ? or Should they act for good of the planet ?. So with this, another important question arises, Can an individual ever act only according to his own interests without the regard for interests of other people? Also can an individual ever truly act for others completely disregarding his own interests ? To answer such questions and determine the morality of the action, two basic arguments: Utilitarianism and Ethical egoism came into existence, which are two faces of the same coin named Consequentialism. OVERVIEW Utilitarianism is one of the best known and the most influential moral theory. The basic idea behind this theory is that whether actions are wrong or right based on the results produced by it. According to Utilitarianism thoughts, actions are judged by the means how much they are benefited to the majority of human beings. This means that utilitarians believe that a moral consequence is that which produces the greatest good for the vast majority of the people. Philosophers call this Utility. In other words, an action can be called moral if it produces the most utility or is the most beneficial to a large group of people. According to Bentham: Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.1 But there are multiple ways to define this. The greatest good could mean happiness or it might also mean the best chance at survival. For example, If someone is walking down the street and sees an apartment on fire. What is the right thing to do? What is moral? He is going to be judged based on the results that come from his actions, and also his actions should produce the greatest happiness to a great number of people. For example, someone is walking down a lane and sees an apartment on fire. The first choice is to keep walking. So in this situation, he has three choices. The first choice is that he keeps walking neglecting the fire. As the consequence, large number of people will die and no one is saved. So this action has the most negative consequence and is considered immoral. The second choice the person has is he himself jumps into the burning apartment and rescue as many people as he can. The consequence is that few people are saved, so this action can be considered moral. The third choice is that he calls the fire department which will save everyone present in the burning apartment. So this act is the most moral choice as it has the most positive consequence. But, not every time, the situation would look simple. When considering into utility, it is hard to predict which action producing the greatest good for the majority of the people could have a negative influence on oneself ? Utilitarianism requires selflessness and foresight to figure out how ones action will affect the vast majority of people and not just oneself. Utilitarianism is one face of the coin which helps one to decide whether the consequence was right or wrong. Moral or immoral..? Another face of the same coin is Ethical Egoism. In this, morality is defined by the impact of ones action on himself. One does not need to worry about causing greater good to great number of people, instead one should work on ones self- interests. In other words, by the theory of ethical egoism, it is just immoral to risk your own life than to be killed by someone else. The theory of ethical egoism may sound selfish in nature. But a lot of our legal system supports this theory. Suppose if I decide not to help someone in need, then I build up a bad reputation and no one will help me when I am in need. So it will be in my own interests and benefit to consider other peoples need and aid them. In other words, in this situation, trying to help other people is the best way to help myself since all the other people will think that I am well, hence based on the above scenario, egoists argue that self-interest creates a very strong sense of responsibility towards others. But this thing is likely to create conflict because there can be situations where ones pursuit of his self-interest might disrupt others pursuit of self-interest. Each person wishes the cooperation of others to acquire items inclusive of friendship. Supporter of ethical egoism James Rachel says: It is possible for people to act altruistically and perhaps many people act that way, but there is no reason why they should do so. A person is under no obligation to do anything except what is in his own interests2. Incase of a fire hazard, the person witnessing this would simply ignore this as doing anything would not be in his own self-interest which will lead to him avoiding the situation. The above arguments requires a deeper analysis to provide sustainable insight of both the concepts. ANALYSIS OF BOTH POSITIONS Utilitarians believe that their theory of Utilitarianism is relativistic instead of absolutist. Absolutist moral views believe that certain action will always be morally wrong irrespective of the consequences. For example many campaigning group suggests that torture is always morally wrong and unacceptable, whether it is to instil fear in the population or to stop the terrorist activities. But Utilitarians having a relativistic moral views says that whether an action is right or wrong will always depend on the consequence produced. They would say that torture is morally acceptable and right if it is used to stop the terrorist atrocities and thus producing a great amount of pleasure among a vast population. Also, many philosophers believe that this theory is impartial. Its main aim is to secure the maximum amount of pleasure for a large population. It does not give special preference regarding which people should have access to it and which people should not. Utilitarian theory is associated with equal consideration of interests, as far as total pleasure is maximized. A major flaw in the theory of utilitarianism can be related to the tyranny of the majority. As this theory is a relativistic one, it seems to be opened up to cases where majority exploit the minority for a greater good and the pleasure. For example, the total pleasure of a large and prosperous country would be maximized if all the resources of a small country were forcibly taken away from them and exploited by the people of a larger country. This act seems to be immoral and unjust if seen through humanity point of view, but according to utilitarianism, this act is completely just and moral as it brings a great amount of pleasure to the population of the larger country which robbed the smaller country of its resources. Another flaw in this theory is judging the action to be morally right or wrong only after the consequences come in front of us. The flaw is that there is no one in this world who can predict the future. So, it seems wrong to base our ethical choices on what may or may not come about in the future. Its a mistake to generalize an action based on right or wrong because each action is done on the basis of different contexts and circumstances. Euthanasia, the biggest bioethical problem is the end of life filled with struggle and pain. Utility favors an action right if all it gives pleasure in its highest sense. For people, euthanasia is a product of snatching away of all pleasures from life leaving only pain and struggle and hence opposes utility in a sense that it degrades the value of life which for many people is an opportunity to experience all sorts of pleasures that the society can offer them. Euthanasia is not only the struggle of the person asking for it but also for people related to him/her, which eventually leads to taking an atrocious decision against all odds. More number of people become sad seeing their own loved one suffer without any recovery. Demanding euthanasia is more of a self-interest act in order to get rid of all the pain in life disregarding the concerns of other people related to the person, which brings us to the concept of ethical egoism. Egoists also argue that if so called unselfish actions produce self satisfaction in the doer and this sense of satisfaction is pleasant state of consciousness, and according to ethical egoism, the important point of action is to achieve pleasant state of consciousness instead of bringing good to others. But there are people who argue, Isnt the unselfish man the one who derives satisfaction from helping others and selfish man doesnt ? The people who argue this have a view that the people who derive satisfaction from others are the one being selfish rather than the people who only pursue their own interests. Ethical Egoists believe that there is no particular action which can be considered as plainly wrong. As long as an action serves to promote your own interests, then it is morally right thing to do. But then, there will be situations where rape, murder, stealing and lying will be right thing to do according to some people, as these actions are the best means of promoting their own interests. But these things are really disgusting. Some things are just plain wrong even if they would benefit someone, which cannot be explained by this theory. It is an advantage for everyone to live in a society where peoples rights and interests are respected and also only in such a society, someone can live a happy and secure life. So, being kind to others would merely be doing someones part to create and maintain such society which is an advantage to him. So, Egoists believe that they are not so bad man as they would be as kind and considerate as anyone else because it is to their own advantage. But at the same time, people who oppose ethical egoism argue that there is no reason for egoists to think that if they wont honor the rules of social game then a decent society would collapse. Also, an egoist cant endorse that egoism be universally adopted by all and sundry, as he desires a global wherein his very own interests are maximized and if other people adopted the egoistic coverage of pursuing their personal pursuits then any such international could be not possible. So basically an egoist wants others to be altruists. So ethical egoism is at bottom inconsistent because it cannot be universalised. If everyone else is seeking to pursue their own interests, then it makes it more difficult for someone to achieve his goals. The exposure argument towards moral egoism basically proposes that ethical theories have to be publicized, or made recognized to everybody possible, due to the fact these arguments are approximately dwelling a very good existence. However, the moral egoist will prefer actions in his intention, if he continues this a secret and allows others to continue performing altruistically. The extra he convinces others to do selfless matters on behalf of himself and others, the higher off he could be in attaining his own self hobbies. So ethical egoism is satisfactory applied through trying to misinform others. Since the purpose of ethical egoism is personal happiness or pleasure, and one way that most of the people benefit pleasure is from wholesome relationships with others, it would appear that comradeship and circle of relatives may be goals for an ethical egoist. However, deep friendships and loving family relationships require performing selfless acts on behalf of buddies and own family. Can a person whos usually concerned most effective together with his personal hobbies and in no manner with others, ever have sincerely deep friendships? This is referred to as the paradox of ethical egoism. Ethical egoism has no solutions to offer when a problem arises involving conflicts of interests. It would even include hurting the other people knowing that nothing bad would ever come to that person, for example murdering someone when someone is sure that no one will ever find out. The Golden rule of Kant, which says, One should treat others as he would like to be treated. This would seem moral and logical as one would never wish to harm themselves.This theory never covers this blot of selfishness. The first example is the best example of unpredictability flaw of utilitarianism, suppose five trackers were trapped in a landslide. Rescue operation was delayed for ten days and they could have died of hunger. So they arrive at a decision to eat one of their friends for food supply. One of the person is selected randomly and is killed by other four friends. Also, in rescue operation, ten rescue workers die. After the rescue operation is successful, all the four survivors were found guilty of murdering their friend and were given death penalty. So studying this example, the sacrifice of the tracker to save his four friend was just a waste. That tracker thought from utilitarian perspective that only one should die instead of all five, and other four will live a happy life. But eventually, all of them were killed along with ten rescue workers in this situation. Had he thought from ethical egoism point of view, only five of them would have died instead of fourteen people. Was the sacrif ice made by the tracker morally right or wrong ? A real life example in which one cannot judge who is right and wrong just by using these two theories is Statue Of Unity. A lots of crores of money and manpower has been spent in building this statue by the government. It may be possible that government has taken this task to show their potential and power. Some people believe that this is the case and government is being egoist. Critics argue that the money spent on the statue could have provided food and shelter to large number of people. So the task of making the statue is waste of resources. But at the same time, there are people who think that this statue will be a tourist attraction which will provide employment to the tribals living their, improving their condition of life. Even if this is true, there will still be lot of money to be spent on this monument for maintaining it. So was it a justified act to spent the peoples money on this statue rather than spending it on improving the lifestyle of people who have difficulty in g etting one time food? CONCLUSION Of course, there will always remain many difficult philosophical problems. On the same hand, there are so many utilitarianism and ethical egoism theories, which is believed by many people that these theories can solve most of the philosophical problem. Still, there are so many philosophical problems which remain unsolved even in todays world. The modern society is made up of a large number of people with their own unique thinking ability and everyone has the right to act on their own, according to their interests. Everyone in the society has their own set of ideals and even own way to attain pleasure. It is not always necessary that everyone in the society will get pleasure from the same thing. The thing which brings pleasure to some group of individuals may bring pain to the other group simultaneously. Another question is, Can the amount of pleasure that one person gets from particular action be compared with the amount of pleasure of different person doing different task? It is literally impossible to compare the pleasure and pain of different individuals doing different tasks. So, not a single philosophical problem in modern world can be solved only by using the theory of utilitarianism or the theory of ethical egoism. We need a collection of all such theories into one theory which will result into the maximum utility and is accepted and just to a vast majority of people. But how can someone take a utilitarian decision when his own loved ones are on stake? Ones instinct will always insist to take wrong decisions and will lead in favor of his own loved ones if not Should the right to pursue ones self interest always be given the highest priority? In any case, it is difficult to choose between ethical egoism and utilitarianism.

Challenges of Microfinance Banking in Nigeria - 1603 Words

CHALLENGES OF MICROFINANCE BANKING IN NIGERIA-1 Nigerians, like many other Africans are generally known as their brother’s keepers in view of the extended family system. But when truly analyzed, there is a possibility that this may not be so? Perhaps a hypothetical deep may reveal that not up to 10% of Nigerians would invest in ventures or people that would yield them nothing in return and here I mean, â€Å"Returns in the short run or in the immediate†. The returns may be financial, emotional, spiritual, relational or social. But fact is, there is something the investors expect in return when they give and these could include being worshipped as personal heroes, fear of harassments, fear of being harmed, for family ties, religious ties, being†¦show more content†¦I hear and read the Governor of CBN assuring the public of safety of the Consolidated Banks. But the Similar truths and campaigns should also be carried for the microfinance industry Lack of trust by the poor themselves who believe that the microfinance banks are just like the unregulated community banks and unregulated finance houses. Going by the antecedents of the banking industry in general, no one would blame the people for lack of trust. Only effective and far-reaching campaigns and exhibited trust in the microfinance banks by the government and the regulators can achieve this desirable confidence. An Uneducated Population: A critical ill of the populace in Nigeria is the bottom, bottom level of poor education of the people. A country where less than 10% of the populace pays attention to the print media, less than 20% listen or watch educative audio-visuals is a great challenge to information dissemination. Incidentally, the literally â€Å"very† educated people do not read handbills and communicative documents that deal with those things like microfinance banking since they have no interest in such activities. A survey of how many people would read this documentary would shock you even if the Guardian Newspapers circulate it free to just the middle and upper classers. This attitude is worse with the targeted microfinanceShow MoreRelatedRole Of Microfinance Institutions ( Mfis )1476 Words   |  6 PagesMicrofinance institutions are playing an important role in the delivery of financial services to the poor. Increasingly, these MFIs are for-profit, limited liability companies, the ownership of which is in the hands of multiple shareholders. In most cases, shares are privately held (i.e., not publicly traded). Most such MFIs are licensed financial institutions finance companies and banks. Many are deposit takers. 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Enabulu3 Abstract The paper overviews the banking sector reforms within the framework of the Nigerian Financial System. A theoretical approach was adopted although empirical evidence was presented in some cases. It was clear that developments in the banking sub-sector of the Nigerian financial systemRead MoreAdoption of Information and Communication Technology (Ict) in the Banking Sector: Success or Failure?5916 Words   |  24 PagesADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE BANKING SECTOR: SUCCESS OR FAILURE? Ukeh, Moses Ichongo Superlife Consulting, Makurdi 2013 Abstract Nigerian banking industry has become highly ICT-based and is reaping the benefits of technological revolution as evidenced by its application in most of its operations. The objective of this paper was to determine if the Nigerian banks have failed or succeeded in the adoption and use of ICT (see table 2.1). 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SBFC, YIPS, SES, and YC were among the first schemes started by the FIs under the indirect political influence of Pakistan government to help un-employedRead MoreKey Constraints to Housing Development Finance in Nigeria.2347 Words   |  10 Pages Key Constraints to Housing Development Finance in Nigeria. A TERM PAPER DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES; FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE e-mail: fpnas@yahoo.com, Tel.: +234 – 047-66701, 66707 047 – 66238 (DL) JULY, 2012 BY UZOKWE, LAWRENCE CHIDI Department of Estate Management and Valuation School of Environmental Studies The Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa State. Email: Uzokwe_Lawrence@Yahoo.Com, 08059128950 ABSTRACTRead MoreEffect of Consolidation on the Performance of Nigeria Banks9468 Words   |  38 PagesIntroduction Banking reforms have been an on going phenomenon around the world right from the 1980s, but it is more intensified in recent time because of the impact of globalisation which is precipitated by continuous integration of the world market and economies. Banking reforms involve several elements that are unique to each country based on historical, economic and institutional imperatives. In Nigeria, the reforms in the banking sector preceded against the backdrop of banking crisis due toRead MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 PagesAvailable online http://www.universalresearchjournals.org/ujmbr Copyright  © 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the NigerianRead MoreThesis on Empower Women Through Micro Credit Programmes18140 Words   |  73 Pagesthe above statement, there is clearly an important role for microfinance to play in the ‘empowerment’ of women. 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Poverty Between Poverty And Poverty - 831 Words

Poverty line is a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards. Generally, a person who falls below this line is without any basic needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. Every government strives to reduce the number of poor people in the country. The poverty line should be defined in such a way that no needy person is left out. Around the world, in rich or poor nations, poverty has always been present. It’s a very important tool in the hands of the policy makers which enables them to make policy decisions specifically. Should be defined in such a way that every needy person gets its benefits. Absolute and relative poverty are both ways of measuring poverty but differ in†¦show more content†¦It takes time, energy and money to measure poverty, since it can only be done properly by gathering survey data directly from households. Even though it can be difficult measuring poverty its highly important to do so . It’s important to keep the poor on the agenda, to target interventions, domestically and worldwide, monitor and evaluate projects and policy interventions geared towards the poor and to evaluate the effectiveness of institutions whose goals is to help the poor. Throughout the years there’s been different poverty guidelines used to determine financial eligibility for certain federal programs. According to the Federal Register by the U.S Department of health and Human Services, â€Å"The poverty thresholds are the original version of the federal poverty measure. They are updated each year by the Census Bureau. The thresholds are used mainly for statistical purposes — for instance, preparing estimates of the number of Americans in poverty each year.† The poverty guidelines are designated by the year in which they are issued. Conservatives generally go with the perspective that less is more. For example, most would agree with the argument that less govern ment action is a better approach for society as a whole. Rather than promoting the idea of social equality, like the Liberal perspective, they promote social inequality. Liberals usually have the perspective that the government should helpShow MoreRelatedPoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1875 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty eradication has become one of the main goals within the last few decades as shown through the recently expired Millennium Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals. Poverty, in turn, is influential as high poverty causes worse health outcomes within a country. Poverty severely affects several aspects of quality of life, such as health, happiness. This makes it important to evaluate the quality of life within a country. Poverty and Inequality have been linked togetherRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty Essay2121 Words   |  9 PagesPoverty in America is severe. One third of our population lives under the poverty line. The povert y line being a family of three or more surviving on $36,000 or less. This transfers to 20.5 million people. Seven million of these people being women with children. 6.7% of our population has an income less than 9,000 for a family of three. These numbers are astounding and they are only on the rise. This means that more families are going without food. This means more children are starving and gettingRead MorePoverty Between Poverty And Poverty1322 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty has been a prevalent issue that has plagued the world’s economy for years, fortunately, global poverty rates seem to be declining . In order to understand why this decline is occurring, one must first understand levels of poverty. In an article published by The Economist they claims that there are different levels of poverty, they use extreme poverty (absolute poverty), and relative poverty as the two definitions . 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It is evident that it is the people in poverty themselves that is the underlying cause ofRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Between Poverty And Poverty1654 Words   |  7 PagesFifty years after the declaration of war on poverty, an increasing number of children still grow up in poverty in this country. Poverty is now more determinative tha n race as a predictor of student educational success (Reardon, 2013). The achievement gap between the poor and the more economically advantaged child has actually widened over the last three decades (Reardon, 2013). If we are to provide all children with equal and excellent educational opportunities, it is imperative that we utilize theRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). 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Both poverty and crime as well as theirRead MoreRelationship Between Poverty And Crime Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between poverty and crime will be examined in this literature review. The topic is interesting because there is a relationship between poverty and crime. Society uses a system that separates people by social class. Social class is determined by the total amount of income and wealth that a person has. According to Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner (2013), a person’s living expenses and needs are not met du e to the lack of proper wages would be considered living in poverty; the year 2009 a

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and The Second Coming...

Things fall apart, this phrase being used in both the novel title Things Fall Apart and the poem written by Yeats, â€Å"The Second Coming† keeps us wondering how both are related. Achebe uses Yeats’ poem as an epigraph to foreshadow how the events in the novel later on might occur. Reading the epigraph, we come to understand that Yeats is referring to an image of disaster and to a society that is losing control. In Things Fall Apart, the community faces some changes that affect the lives of certain main characters and leads to a very severe disaster. Achebe uses a lot of imagery and dualism in his novel to portray certain messages to the readers and to clarify his point. Also, Achebe wanted to answer back any writer who criticized the Africans and insulted them. He wanted the voice of the Africans to be heard and to take a stand when the Christians came in and tried to change a lot in the traditions that were present. Both, the poem and the novel are related in a way t hat shows how the downfall of the main character, Okonkwo, happened and what lead to it. Both writers have many things in common in their writings that can be compared in a social and religious way. Achebe uses double meaning in order to pass on his messages to the readers. The epigraph starts by introducing a falcon which doesn’t feel safe and starts to get more out of control. When comparing the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and William butler Yeats poem The Second Coming, at first thereShow MoreRelated Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe vs. The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats492 Words   |  2 Pages â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe vs. â€Å"The Second Coming† by William Butler Yeats When comparing the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe and William butler Yeats poem â€Å"The Second Coming†, at first there seem to be no similarities except for the phrase â€Å"things fall apart† which is used in both. But as one closely examinee the reasons why both authors use this sentence, one realizes that both of them try to show a great change, which, in the poem is related to reality, while in the novelRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart And William Butler Yeats The Second Coming1128 Words   |  5 Pagesit has been illustrated in the past. This in turn connects the readers with two works that seemingly contradict with the ideas of Miller and can be seen as tragedies, they include Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart and William Butler Yeats’ poem â€Å"The Second Coming.† In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, as we all readers know pursues the stereotypical set-up of developing a tragic hero to a certain extent. In my eyes, the common man is Okonkwo whose tragic figure is troubled withRead More A Comparison of Chaos in Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming850 Words   |  4 PagesChaos in Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats have been considered literary classics. Although there may be a gap between the times of publication, the themes and connotations are strikingly similar. In both works, there is a progression of chaos in time caused by change and eventually leads to an end. Inner conflict plays an important role in both works. In Things Fall Apart, the main characterRead More Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming Essay521 Words   |  3 Pages Things Fall Apart and The Second Coming nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Second Coming nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; By William Butler Yeats nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Turning and turning in the widening gyre nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The falcon cannot hear the falconer, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Mere anarchy is loosened uponRead MoreImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 Pagescountries.When Chinua Achebe published Things fall apart in 1958, a novel criticizing the European aspects of imperialism, his aspiration was to teach readers that â€Å"their past-with all its imperfections-was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(Chinua Achebe on the Role of the African Writer, 1964). 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In Things Fall Apart, one can interrupt that when you think things are perfectRead MoreChinua Achebe, In His Novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† Masterfully1424 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe, in his novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† masterfully depicts the socials changes and conflicts that occurred due to the infiltration of colonialism in the Nigerian village of Umuofia. The Meriam Webster dictionary defines the term colonialism as â€Å"Control by one power over a dependent area or people† (Meriam Webster). Achebe successfully manages to show the readers of his novel how colonialism occurred within the village of Umuofia, and he does so by revealing downfalls within the beliefs ofRead MoreTragedy And The Common Man By Arthur Miller1675 Words   |  7 Pagesho w it has been illustrated in the past. 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Chinua’s most famous literary work is  ¨Things Fall Apart ¨, but he has many other books that he is known for, including â€Å"No Longer at Ease†,  ¨Arrow of God ¨, and  ¨A Man of the People ¨

Legal Aspects Of Dna Testing - 3367 Words

LaShay Robbins DNA Technologies FRSC 620.102 Research Paper Legal Aspects of DNA Testing and the Scientific Expert in Court DNA testing like many other tools in forensics to identify suspects has been through various evaluations to uncover its validity. These evaluations are necessary because the results of DNA testing can help to exclude, include, and can even be used to convict suspects. The weight of DNA testing is heavy in that can be used to alter a person’s life forever,hence, the legal movements for it to be validated. Some believed that the admissibility of DNA testing into the courts would violate privacy rights or could alert criminals to the evidence that could be left behind when they commit a crime. The arguments that†¦show more content†¦The proper training certificates, proficiency test results, curriculum vitae, employment history are some of the documents the courts use to qualify someone as a Scientific Expert. Through the education and experience they receive, a scientific expert should be able to explain and teach both lawyers and jurors how DNA testing work and how th ey were able to arrive at their results and conclusions. Their explanations and teachings may involve the use of presentations, literary references, and even scenarios that would help to view the advantages of evidence in every aspect without bias. One reason for exploring and determining the legal aspects of DNA testing is that there are so many factors involved. From sample collection to analyzing results, every step in processing must be handled with the greatest of care. Because DNA testing is now something that is looked for by jurors, the defense attorneys will go through every process used to make sure that proper procedures were followed and that there are no bias elements involved. For this reason, DNA testing procedures must be documented. Notes should be taken before, and during processing. A chain of custody document should also be used to keep an accurate log of the evidence. All of the burdens involved in the legal aspects of DNA testing however, does not fall on the Scientific Expert. The courts must also follow proper procedures to ensure a solid conviction. The proper channels should be investigated

Scope of Sustainable Business Marketing Click Now to Get Solution

Questoin: Discuss the scope of sustainability, comparative advantage and ethical and social responsibilities? Answer: Introduction about Sustainability Businesses are required to market their products and services with a view to create awareness within their target customers for the products and services as offered by them. But in relation to such marketing of products and services, an important concept that has emerged significantly is the sustainability concept. Sustainability in the marketing is defined as a process which involves the promotion of products and services in a manner that has favourable impact on the society and environment at large. Sustainability by itself is defined as a concept that suggests the conservation or utilisation of resources in a manner that has positive level of impact on the environment. The resources are utilised in a manner that accounts for their preservation for the future generation of people. It is therefore responsible way of undertaking business activities aimed at satisfying the needs and expectations of large number of stakeholders of the organisation (Sahay, 2006). In addition to this, th e sustainability practice needs to be incorporated in respect to the marketing practice so that the best possible value can be provided to customers. The customers have the right to get accessibility to best possible information and this requires practising sustainability in the process. This report is focused towards analysing the scope of sustainability with emphasis on the potential of sustainable marketing in particular. The analysis also focuses on the themes and principles of sustainable marketing including the risks and challenges of sustainable marketing. An analysis of the comparative advantage from sustainability marketing is also carried out, and the framework for sustainability marketing. The importance of sustainably pricing the products and services will also be assessed in this report. Finally, the role of ethical and social responsibilities in relation to sustainable marketing and the implication of social media would be discussed. Scope of Sustainability In respect to the scope of sustainability is concerned, an analysis indicates that sustainability has huge potential of scope in respect to all the fields. This is mainly because sustainability forces on responsible development of activities and this particular factor enhances its scope for acceptability with large stakeholders. Sustainability in marketing also has huge scope because the adaptation of sustainable business practices in marketing would lead to positive and favourable attitude of customers towards such business. The scope of sustainability especially in respect to marketing is available because there has been increasing number of fraudulent practices undertaken by marketers such as deceptive marketing with a view to target their customers efficiently. An analysis of the history of sustainability indicates that this concept was identified for the first time in a German forestry manual in 1700s. However, the concept has witnessed significant amount of development since th en which resulted into the higher level of practice of this concept by modern day businesses (The complex history of sustainability timeline, 2009). The scope of sustainability in respect to the field of marketing is significantly higher. This is evident from the fact that companies are marketing their products and services in the 21st century by reflecting the negative features associated with it. This indicates that there has been positive level of approach being undertaken by companies in the 21st century because they have realised the importance of marketing in a sustainable way. The importance of disclosing true and complete information about the products and services is essential and this attitude and approach towards sustainable marketing shows that the focus has been clear that companies are aimed to remain sustainable. Thus, there has been significant level of scope available in respect to sustainable marketing. Potential of Sustainable Marketing This section of analysis is now aimed at evaluating the potential of sustainable marketing and there would be the consideration of relevant examples in analysing such potential. As sustainability is concerned with the responsible usage of resources, it is essential for businesses that they should focus on adapting responsible practices that are environmental friendly and results into the positive support of the welfare and development of community at large. Marketing in a sustainable way implies the undertaking of promotions of companys products in a manner that is safe and aimed at educating the true aspects or values that the product delivers. Sustainable marketing is therefore the efforts placed by markers in marketing their products and services offerings with a view to educate the actual benefits of the products, and encouraging sustainable consumption of the same (Visser, Matten, Pohl and Tolhurst, 2010). In respect to the future of such sustainability marketing concept, it can be regarded as highly positive because of its higher level of relevance within modern day organisations. There has been increasing number of organisations that have started considering the applicability of this concept in performing their business practices and processes. Marketing in a sustainable way is considered by businesses by way of even promoting their negative aspects of business performance. This has been a strategic move by businesses whereby they showcase their positive as well as negative aspects with a view to educate their customers for the same. The marketing is done for negative performances as well so that its stakeholders can be educated with respect to the companys overall performance. This shows a positive future for the adaptation of sustainable practices by businesses in future, as their current marketing performances shows that they do not hesitate in showing their negative performance a reas (Idowu and Filhom, 2008). An analysis of businesses indicates that there is large number of businesses across the world that has already adopted this concept of sustainability in marketing their business practices. They have identified the importance of sustainability which has encouraged them in practising this concept to a higher level. As for example, there are businesses that have focused towards developing products that contributes towards sustainability brand image to their overall performance. Examples of such products include eco-friendly cars, passive houses, fair trade products, products supported on solar power and many more. The products itself are sustainable and their marketing is also considered in a sustainable way. The resulting impact is therefore the increasing acceptability within customers for such sustainable products and services and this is an indicator of their positive level of performance in future. A product by Toyota known as Toyota Prius is the most efficient example of marketing in a sustainable manner (Ottman, 2011). Procter and Gamble (PG) is also an important multinational company that has considered the adaptation of this approach to sustainable marketing. The company has adopted this approach by way of integrating the concept of sustainability across different faces of its product life cycle chain. In addition to this, practices such as packaging of products and services, supply chain management, and also the RD practices as undertaken by the company are aimed at improving its sustainability performance, and they are aimed at creating an image that could lead to its favourable recognition as the green company. The products as developed by PG are marketed as environmental friendly and they have minimal or no impact on the environment. The emphasis is completely placed on sustainable marketing by the company (Marketing Principles for Sustainable Businesses, 2010). Themes and Principles of Sustainable Marketing The important themes and principles of sustainability marketing are analysed in this particular section of analysis. The importance would also be given in analysing the surprising, inspirational and challenges factor associated with such concept of sustainable marketing in particular. The key theme in the entire concept of sustainability marketing as analysed is that the concept focuses highly on the performance of ecosystems. It emphasises on taking activities efficiently so that entire stakeholders of the organisation gets benefitted out of it. The marketing processes of businesses can be regarded as sustainable if the focus has been on educating customers fairly about the products of the company without the intention of deceiving them. Apart from this, the principle of sustainable marketing suggests that it is focused more on the green factor, as the businesses focuses on achieving green environmental performance. The inclusion of green practices not only allows the organisation i n becoming sustainable, but it also allows them in remaining accountable to the community and society in which they operate. Apart from this, adaptation of green and sustainable practices also results into charging of fair prices by organisations from their customers. Overall, sustainability principles suggest that they are concerned with the development and welfare of society, community, environment and customers. An analysis of the important factors related to sustainability marketing is performed as follows (Chhabra, 2010). Surprising Aspects of Sustainability Marketing: The surprising aspect in relation to the application of concept of sustainable marketing implies that it is mainly the disclosure of negative performances that companies have to perform. Although there is a requirement for disclosing the negative aspect associated with companys performance, yet this practice ensures the positive attainment of organisational goals and allows the opportunity of attaining competitive advantage in particular. The surprising aspect from this concept is that it requires disclosure of practices such as green house gas emissions performed by the organisation, the vulnerabilities to their employees in performing their roles and responsibilities, and also the areas of negative performance. The importance of making disclosure of such of negative aspects is crucial in achieving sustainable marketing. As for example, tobacco selling companies clearly promotes that tobacco consumption is injurious to health, and this has been the most surprising aspect related to this concept of sustainability marketing (Brockett and Rezaee, 2012). Inspirational Aspect of Sustainability Marketing: This concept of sustainable marketing is also inspirational from a number of perspectives. As for instance, the most inspirational aspect associated with this concept is that the companies that have adverse impact on the performance of environment are also considering the application of this particular concept in their business practices. As for example, oil and gas companies have adverse impact on the performance of environment because the performance of their business activities and processes has direct impact on the environment in terms of emission of hazardous gases. However, the most inspirational aspect associated with such practice is that these oil and gas companies also discloses their negative performance of emitting hazardous gases as a part of their sustainability marketing initiative (Dato-on, 2014). Challenging Aspect of Sustainability Marketing: In terms of challenging aspect of sustainability marketing, the most challenging is to make every organisation in adapting this practice. Although there has been higher level of acceptance within businesses regarding this concept, yet it has been analysed that the concept of sustainability marketing requires the disclosure of performance activities that have direct impact on environment. Thus persuading businesses to adapt this approach of marketing has been a major challenging factor. These aspects are crucial and a detailed consideration would allow businesses in achieving competitiveness in respect to their performance (Blewitt, 2012). Risk and Challenges of Sustainable Marketing In considering this practice of sustainability marketing, there are certain major risks and challenges that are also evident. As for instance, the major risk of sustainability marketing is that its inefficient consideration would result into the negative image to the organisation. The disclosure of negative performance areas to a higher level would also risk the performance of the organisation, and this could therefore impact the overall sustainability of the organisation in long run. Thirdly, the challenging aspect with sustainability marketing concept is that it requires huge costs to be incurred by the company in achieving sustainable performance so that it can be disclosed in their sustainability report. Thus, it becomes difficult for the smaller firms to achieve sustainability performance (Doppelt, 2003). Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage is the advantage achieved by a firm over others. The consideration of this sustainability practice is likely to allow the organisation in achieving comparative advantage over others, and the most likely reason supporting this fact is that there has been higher preference within customers for the companys products that ensures the performance of sustainable processes in their business practices (Dunphy, 2000). Framework of Sustainable Marketing Based on the analysis of the concept of sustainability marketing, a framework has been considered appropriate and a study as conduced by Crittenden, Ferrell and Pinney (2010) indicated an important framework as follows: The above framework of the sustainability marketing is a market oriented model in achieving sustainability. Ethical and Social Responsibilities Ethical values are highly important to an organisation because they determined the morality in respect to the organisations approaches in performing activities. Ethical and social responsibilities of an organisation in relation to marketing of their products are that they should clearly provide the message about their products to their final consumers without deceiving the audience. They should introduce all the information with respect to their products and services to their consumers so that final decisions can be undertaken by them in an efficient manner. Sustainability marketing also emphasises businesses to act in a responsible manner not only towards their customers but it also emphasises ethics towards the society at large. It is therefore the ethical and social responsibility of an organisation to act in the interest of the public and sustainable marketing in an important way in achieving this (Gonzalez-Perez and Leonard, L. 2013). Improvement Methods in Supply Chain and Sustainable Pricing of Products Supply chain is another important consideration that needs be made in performing the sustainable marketing of products and services. It is highly essential that supply chain should be sustainable enough so that the real value of sustainable marketing can be achieved. In addition to this, sustainable pricing is also an important factor that must be considered in marketing the products and services into a sustainable manner. The prices should be reasonable for the products and services so that they accounts for offering value to the final consumers and thereby maintains a sustainable image of the entire organisation. In respect to the existence of relationship between supply chain and sustainable marketing, it can be analysed that there exists positive relationship. This is mainly because the parties involved in the supply chain are crucial in achieving operational efficiency. Sustainable marketing is all about providing true and fair view of the performance of an organisation and also its products and services. In this relation, it is essential that the supply chain partners should also adapt a sustainable approach so that the overall image of the products as offered by the company can be improved. The resulting impact would be better possibility of marketing it in a sustainable manner. Apart from the above, supply chain and sustainable pricing of product also involves positive level of relationship. As for instance, the efficiency in the supply chain allows effectiveness, and the benefit of which can be utilised by companies in improving their offerings to customers. Such efficiency would enhance organisations processes and they in turn would enable them to market in a sustainable manner. The attainment of cost efficiency in the process and positive level of contribution by all the members in the supply chain would reduce the potential that the company would charge higher prices for its offerings. The reasonable pricing for its products also allows them in meeting out their customer needs positively through encouraging sustainable marketing practice. Social Media Technology has a crucial role to play in every major domains and in respect to sustainability marketing, the implication of this technological factor is crucial. The marketing functions can be positively carried out by way of making use of technology. Technological application can be possible in marketing by way of digital media as this digital medial allows for reaching wide range of target audiences effectively. The significance of digital media is therefore higher in performing the marketing process. This digital media is available in the form of social media such as the use of Facebook, Twitter etc and these could be utilised in promoting the use of sustainability in the marketing practices by businesses. As the digital media allows for easy accessibility to wide audience, the promotion of sustainable marketing could be performed efficiently across target audiences (Hawkes, 2001). Conclusion In this report, a critical assessment has been carried out in respect to the concept of sustainability marketing and its principles and themes associated with it. The performance of analysis revealed findings that sustainability marketing is a process of marketing organisations activities with a view to ensure fair education of customers regarding the products and services that are offered by the company. The analysis indicated about different important themes of sustainability marketing, and also highlighted about the inspirational and challenging aspects associated with such concept. On the basis of analysis as carried out, it is also evaluated that there are risks and challenges associated with the concept of sustainable marketing, and the possibility of attaining comparative advantage is higher. Finally, the role of social media has been identified as significant in promoting sustainable marketing practices within businesses. References Brockett, A. and Rezaee, Z. (2012), Corporate Sustainability: Integrating Performance and Reporting, John Wiley Sons. Blewitt, J. (2012), Understanding Sustainable Development, Routledge. Crittenden, V.L., Crittenden, W.F., Ferrell, L. and Pinney, C.C. (2011), Market-oriented sustainability: a conceptual framework and propositions, International Journal of Academic Marketing Science, Vol. 39, pp. 71-85. Chhabra, D. (2010), Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Routledge. Doppelt, B. (2003). Leading Change Towards Sustainability: A Change Management Guide. Greenleaf Publishing. Pp. 169. Dunphy, D. C. (2000). Sustainability: The Corporate Challenge of the 21st Century. Allen Unwin. Pp. 19. Dato-on, M.C. (2014), The Sustainable Global Marketplace: Proceedings of the 2011 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, Springer. Gonzalez-Perez, M. and Leonard, L. (2013), International Business, Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility, Emerald Group Publishing. Hawkes, J. (2001). The fourth pillar of sustainability: culture's essential role in public planning. Common Ground. Pp. 25. Idowu, S.O. and Filhom, W.L. (2008), Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer. Marketing Principles for Sustainable Businesses, (2010) [Online]. Available at: https://www.sus-bus.com/green-marketing-in-sustainable-business/ [Accessed: 20 March 2015]. Ottman, J. (2011). Toyotas Prius: Different Strokes for Different Folks [Online]. Available at: https://www.greenmarketing.com/blog/comments/toyotas-prius-different-strokes-for-different-folks/ [Accessed: 20 March 2015]. Sahay, B.S. (2006), Green Business, Allied Publishers. The complex history of sustainability timeline, (2009) [Online]. Available at: https://sustainabilityreloaded.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/the-complex-history-of-sustainability-timeline/ [Accessed: 20 March 2015]. Visser, W., Matten, D., Pohl, M. and Tolhurst, N. (2010), The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons.

Motivational Interviewing free essay sample

Is a therapeutic interviewing style which is intended to help clinicians work with their clients to find out the client’s constant fluctuation between conflicting behaviors and thoughts. The first stage of motivational interviewing is pre-contemplation. In this stage of motivational interviewing, the client is not yet considering change or is unwilling or unable to change. In this particular stage there are important motivational strategies that the counselor must consider. The counselor must first establish rapport, ask permission, and build trust with the client. The counselor must also address any doubts or concerns that the client may have about substance-using patterns. Lastly, the counselor must be sure to express concerns and keep the door open to any other questions. The second stage of motivational interviewing is contemplation. In this stage, the client acknowledges having concerns about change and begins considering the possibility of changing but is still indecisive. In this stage, the counselor must let the client know that it is normal to be undecided at this point. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The counselor must also help the client lean towards change and bring forth self-motivational statements about change from the client. The third stage of motivational interviewing is preparation. In this stage of motivational interviewing, the client is committed and planning to change soon but is still indecisive on what to do. In this stage, the counselor must find out treatment expectancies and the client’s role in treatment. The counselor must also rule out the client’s own goals regarding treatment. The counselor must also begin negotiating change with the client and begin building a plan. Lastly, the counselor can help the client find social support during treatment. The fourth stage of motivational interviewing is action. In this stage, the client has begun taking steps towards change but is still not in a stable state. In this stage, the counselor must keep the client on the right track to recovery and constantly emphasize the importance of remaining in recovery. The counselor must also help the client in identifying high risk situations which would cause them to use again, and help them develop strategies in order to avoid these situations. The fifth stage of motivational interviewing is Maintenance. In this stage, the client has fully met his/her initial goals such as remaining abstinent and is now simply working on remaining additional gains. In this stage, the counselor supports the client’s lifestyle changes and helps the client follow new plans on how to avoid returning to using drugs or alcohol. Lastly, the counselor reviews any long term goals that have not yet been addressed with the client.

Russia-Chechnya Conflict an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Russia-Chechnya Conflict World peace This was what every beauty queen dreams of having. That should be every countries goal isnt it? But why in this modern world of advanced knowledge and technology, the war never stops? The case of terrorism did not stop; instead, it grew and became famous. There was no single day that people have not heard about war and violence. There are many reasons to it, people fighting for their rights, countries wanting to conquer other countries, countries retaliating, and the list goes on. Why cant this world use a more peaceful, less violent approach to get their desires? Why does some conflict lasts for so many years and many lives being sacrificed? Need essay sample on "Russia-Chechnya Conflict" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed One of the most known issue of conflict that is still not resolved until now is the Russia-Chechnya conflict. The said conflict began in the mid 18th century when Russia wanted Chechnya to be its integral part while the latter is against it. In 1722, the earliest fight between czarist Russian forces and Muslim tribes in the region was recorded. At first, the Russian troops succeeded conquering most of the area until the Chenchen tribes revolted, led by a Muslim cleric named Sheikh Mansur. They defeated the Russian and it was since then that the Chechnya people sustained their stand. In 1994, the build up pressure between the forces resulted in war. That time, President Dzhokhar Dudayev rejected to compromise on the Kremlin line and this infuriated the Russian troops. They made different techniques to obtain support from the local people including supplication of funds so they would go against their president. The Russian troops were able to stage a furtive attack on Grozny on the 26th of November that same year with the help of assembled support from some forces. Although, these schemes did not succeed, due to the deficiency of efficient planning on the part of the Russian forces. They eventually retreated as the Chenche n forces shocked them with facing their sudden attacks courageously and in effect captured around 20 Russian troops. After their victory, the Chenchens became braver and even when Russias president then, Boris Yeltsin gave an ultimatum that they should disarm and surrender, they took it for granted. When the Russian forces attacked them with massive aerial bombardments, they went underground so they were not entirely affected. Many civilians were harmed and it increased the tension between the two forces. The situation became more violent as President Dudayev of Chechnya declared war. The conflict resulted to a bloody war and many were killed because of the nonstop attacks with each other. As Russian forces used so much of their power to win, the Chenchens improvised and fought with what they have. Until, both parties were too damaged to fight, that they thought maybe peace talks are better, but no one made a way for it so they all suffered. More killings and battles occurred between the two forces and in the end, the Russian forces withdrew. But it did not stop there; the Russians planned to get back to the Chechnya and won this time. They pushed through with their formulation of new tactics and production of different machineries to be used for their revenge. Since they now know the ability of the opponent, they prepared hard and planned carefully. This resulted to never-ending battle between the two since the Chenchens still fought hard and did not accept defeat. They used their guerilla technique against the new strategy of the Russians. The world was alarmed by what was happening to the two forces and encouraged them to stop the incredibly increasing violence. Ceasefire was announced, but not to end the war but to have temporary rest so that the dead could be buried. The ceasefire did not succeed for long because although it was announced, there were still reinforcements that land in the battlefield. Until finally, this time, the Russians won, and was able to conquer most of the land. In that situation, still the Chenchen rebels did not surrender; they tried to make advances and fought with their own way. (Ambekar, 2004) The effect of the war was depressing to the world; they referred to it as an unimaginable catastrophe. Countless number of dead people, enormous damage, and extreme violence left the mankind in terror. Until now, the conflict still exists and it would not stop until the two forces stop their desire to damage one another. Everyone is hoping for peace but only the two opposing parties have the power to decide on that. (The Eurasian Politician, 2002) The question now is how to resolve this conflict that lasted for centuries and the violent war for more than a decade now. If only this conflict will be resolved, then what else would be the reason for war? Surely nobody would want to kill and risk their lives and even of their family just for nothing. In this situation, it can be said that the Chechnya people just act on instinct, just like any living things on earth that develops natural defenses when they are put into danger, to protect themselves from the predators, to save their life, their family, and their territory. What the Chenchens want is to have their independence. They are fighting for their right and they want to attain peace and stability. In this case, if what they want will be given to them, if only the Russians would let them live in peace and stop harming them, they will also stop the violence and live in peace. On the Russians side, their concern is also about peace and order. They are alarmed about the terrorism the freedom would give. There is a suspicion that Chechnya rebels are linked with Al-Qaeda and giving them their freedom would also give them more freedom to proceed with their terrorism. What Russians want is normalization. They want to take control of Chechnya to ensure that they will not be freely doing their terrorist acts. Russia wants Chechnya to have a president who is pro-Russia so they will still have a bit of control over the activities of the Republic. Only then will Russia withdraw their security forces and let Chechnya take control of their own peace and order. Russia even passed a new constitution earlier this year giving Chechnya more autonomy within the Russian Federation but unfortunately, the elected President failed to unite the Chechnya. The main reason for this is that his security forces are known for cruelty. He was eventually assassinated and this made the s ituation only worse. (Shah, 2004 www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Chechnya) The problem can be summed up to the need of the Chechnya republic to have their independence and Russians rejection of it. And because of this main problem, other problems arouse causing alarming casualties. The whole world is alarmed and having problems as well. They are afraid for their own welfare since, there might be a risk that other countries around the two opposing forces will be affected. Most of the countries around the world are against violence and they are definitely not comfortable with what is happening between Russia and Chechnya, especially some of the countries which are members of the United Nations, whose primary concern is to promote peace and friendship among countries. Actually, in April 2001, a resolution on Chechnya that condemned serious human rights violations by Russias forces was adopted by the UN commission on Human Rights. They also raised concern about forced disappearances, torture, and summary executions. There were also appeals for the UN committee against Torture to get commitments from Russia to stop torture (Geneva, Nov.13, 2006). According to the director of Europe and central Asia division (Cartner, 2006 www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/Chechnya), the Russian government must act swiftly to conduct meaningful investigation and should accept the judgment of the European court; this was when the European court held Russia responsible for the summary execution of five people in February 2000. (Lindsey Hilsum, 2004) Aside from the above mentioned, there are many countries that would agree that it is better for both countries to negotiate and have peace talks. So now, how can this overwhelming conflict and violence between Russia and Chechnya be stopped? The easiest and simplest solution that we can offer is to just let the Chechnya have what they want which is freedom and for Russia to just leave them alone. But it may not be that easy, there are many things that Russia is considering that is why it is not that easy for them to just let the Chechnya go on with their lives peacefully. This may be the reason why even if it is also very hard for Russia to continue with the war since they also risk lives of their people and they spend great amount for their war machineries, they cant just stop the war. So, the first step that must be taken is for other countries involved in the United Nations to mediate between Russia and Chechnya. It is important for other countries to stand in between so the problem may be seen in different light. Russia and Chechnya are both closed-minded about the situation so they would definitely not listen to each other. Both are harmed by the endless fight between them so it is difficult to compromise for each other, so a third party may help. They must request for both parties to have a ceasefire. After both parties agreed, then it may be a start for negotiations. The third party would still be the mediator for the negotiations; they will organize and discuss the conditions of Chechnya with Russia and the conditions of Russia to Chechnya. They have to work this out until both parties come into a compromise. One solution that could be compromised is to give Chechnya a chance to have their freedom. If Russia would be insistent in their concern that this will pose extreme international terrorism, it could be proposed that the freedom from Russia be temporary, just for Chechnya to recuperate with the damage brought by the many years of war. By this time, Chechnya should prove that they could stand on their own and would not be a threat to security. However, it would not be easy for Chechnya to recover alone. Their resources became scarce and they have a lot to recover that is why it would be necessary to help them with their recovery. Assistance for the first years of their independence should be given. There would be a need to give or lend them fund. It would also help to give them suggestions on how they can make their territory better. They also need some help on the procedures of becoming effective democratic country. The Chenchens should be trained in different departments to acquire the skill of running their territory. Careful demilitarization should also be exercised, if it is possible to get their trust. For years, Chenchen found solace and security with their weapons so it would be a little hard to get it from them, they might think that this is just a trap for them, so trust in the guiding organization is extremely significant. Amenities and incentives should also be given in exchange of the surrender of the firearms. This will increase the possibility of peace and recovery. Some of the Chechnya people migrated to Russia in the times of war, they could be offered to go back to Chechnya if they want to or they could stay in Russia if they want to as long as they would not be threats. Those who will opt to stay in Russia should be ensured security and fair treatment. These solutions would be beneficial to all parties involved. At the same time, it has also its risks and disadvantages. The solutions given will benefit the Chechnya people greatly, they would finally get what theyve been striving for, their freedom. They will also have the chance to make their country a stable and improved one, less killings, less damage, and less violence. The Russians on the other hand will also benefit greatly. The Chechnya problem will be out of their hands now, they could use the money they are spending in war in more important things for their countries and they could save their people from violence. The bonus of this solution is the benefit that could be attained by the third party, the organization or country that will be Chechnyas guide as it goes through the process of recovery. The guiding country will have strong allies, Russia and Chechnya, if it will succeed in being the mediator. They will also have a great reputation if this would become successful w hich will open for more opportunities of different kind of help. The disadvantages would be that the Russians may be right in their fear that Chechnyas freedom will pose as an international threat. Another disadvantage would be if the guiding organization do not succeed with the task and instead of getting the trust will only contribute to the problem and in the end, only more violence will be produced. In the end, all the solution presented above will be more of an advantage than disadvantage. All things have its positive and negative side, but it is worth the risk if it will eliminate the violence that does not help but only destroys the world. So, why have violence, if we could find solution by compromising in a peaceful way. References: Ambekar, Yogesh The Russian-Chechen Conflict Cartner, Holly Europe and Central Asia director Hilsum, Lindsey The Conflict the West Always Ignores New Statesman, January 26, 2004 Khalilov, Roman Feb. 2002 Shah, Anup September 04, 2004 The Eurasian Politician, November 2002.