The, Socio Economics And Critical Legal Theories Essay

The author will investigate and analyse the topic under consideration by using observations from earth sciences, socio-legal studies, socio-economics and critical legal theories. And blend textual, and intentionalist approach to discuss the possibility of criminalizing extensive environmental degradation. The central idea here is to use scientific evidences and frameworks, such as planetary boundaries and others, to first establish, reasonably if not conclusively, that changes in the natural systems are directly imputable to man-made activities. That environmental degradation, without being alarmist, has reached such a proportion that it’s no longer feasible to brush the issue under the carpet. That a robust scientific proof validates the institution of the robust international legal framework, and affords much needed scientific benchmark for an action. Insights from legal theories are particularly useful since they provide a legal basis, alias foundation, for constructing a stringent and holistic mechanism. It is a well-accepted reality that the role of science in law-making is pivotal in order to formulate a responsive and reflective legal provision. Building upon scientific evidences, hence, these legal arguments further gather force and liveliness .In this context, using the templates and thoughts from green criminology, public-international law’, wild-life law, jurisprudence, Human Rights, International environmental law, (treaties, national law and Customary law)asShow MoreRelated Juvenile Crime and Socio Economic Factors Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagespresence of socio economic factors behind each juvenile crime committed is almost accepted by all. No one is a born criminal and it is evident that the surrounding socio economic environment acts as an important element and a catalyst in turning a young boy or girl into a criminal who might be breaking into some one’s house or threatening someone at gun point. In the following paragraphs, a detailed analysis has been made to explore the different avenues through which these socio economic factors contributeRead MorePolitical Feminism And Marx s Theory Versus Liberalism2513 Words   |  11 Pages What role does liberalism play in socio-legal theory? How do the theories you’ve chosen address law’s liberalism? Natural law, Legal Feminism and Marx’s theory versus Liberalism. â€Æ' What role does liberalism play in socio-legal theory? Liberalism is a theory where the rule of law is based on principles of equality and freedom. The first principles for this theory came from the classical liberalism while the latter principles known are more obvious in social liberalism. 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Technology And Society Technology - 888 Words

Technology and Society Technology has played an integral part in shaping society in many different ways. Throughout history, technological inventions have changed everything from the way humans are clothed and fed to the very ways we communicate and interact as a species. Examining the effects technology has on society illustrate both how technology shapes culture and society and how society can affect future technology. This can be seen by examining a few of the major technological innovations in human history followed by a look at a new technology and how it may shape future society. The Microwave One of the most life changing technological innovations is the microwave oven. Invented by accident in 1946 by Dr. Percy LeBaron Spencer, the microwave oven was originally received poorly like many other new forms of technology. Fears that the microwave radiation would escape during use, or that it would ruin the art of cooking were some of the worries that many people had when this technology was released (Gallawa, 2007). Through years of refinement however, the microwave oven has become commonplace in kitchens across the globe. While fears of people giving up traditional cooking methods proved to be unfounded, microwaves have proven to be a valuable tool used by everyone from young kids to master chefs. In addition, an entire new food service industry was created based on the ability to quickly prepare food. Frozen foods and microwave popcorn are just a couple of the items weShow MoreRelatedWhen I first enrolled in Technology and Society, I honestly did not know what to think of th is1100 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst enrolled in Technology and Society, I honestly did not know what to think of this class. 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Chapter 29 The Dream Free Essays

string(23) " the sentence for him\." It comes down to this,† said Hermione, rubbing her forehead. â€Å"Either Mr. Crouch attacked Viktor, or somebody else attacked both of them when Viktor wasn’t looking. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 29 The Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"It must’ve been Crouch,† said Ron at once. â€Å"That’s why he was gone when Harry and Dumbledore got there. He’d done a runner.† â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Harry, shaking his head. â€Å"He seemed really weak – I don’t reckon he was up to Disapparating or anything.† â€Å"You can’t Disapparate on the Hogwarts grounds, haven’t I told you enough times?† said Hermione. â€Å"Okay†¦hows this for a theory,† said Ron excitedly. â€Å"Krum attacked Crouch – no, wait for it – and then Stunned himself!† â€Å"And Mr. Crouch evaporated, did he?† said Hermione coldly. â€Å"Oh yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was daybreak. Harry, Ron, and Hermione had crept out of their dormitories very early and hurried up to the Owlery together to send a note to Sirius. Now they were standing looking out at the misty grounds. All three of them were puffy-eyed and pale because they had been talking late into the night about Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Just go through it again, Harry,† said Hermione. â€Å"What did Mr. Crouch actually say?† â€Å"I’ve told you, he wasn’t making much sense,† said Harry. â€Å"He said he wanted to warn Dumbledore about something. He definitely mentioned Bertha Jorkins, and he seemed to think she was dead. He kept saying stuff was his fault†¦.He mentioned his son.† â€Å"Well, that was his fault,† said Hermione testily. â€Å"He was out of his mind,† said Harry. â€Å"Half the time he seemed to think his wife and son were still alive, and he kept talking to Percy about work and giving him instructions.† â€Å"And†¦remind me what he said about You-Know-Who?† said Ron tentatively. â€Å"I’ve told you,† Harry repeated dully. â€Å"He said he’s getting stronger.† There was a pause. Then Ron said in a falsely confident voice, â€Å"But he was out of his mind, like you said, so half of it was probably just raving†¦.† â€Å"He was sanest when he was trying to talk about Voldemort,† said Harry, and Ron winced at the sound of the name. â€Å"He was having real trouble stringing two words together, but that was when he seemed to know where he was, and know what he wanted to do. He just kept saying he had to see Dumbledore.† Harry turned away from the window and stared up into the rafters. The many perches were half-empty; every now and then, another owl would swoop in through one of the windows, returning from its night’s hunting with a mouse in its beak. â€Å"If Snape hadn’t held me up,† Harry said bitterly, â€Å"we might’ve got there in time. ‘The headmaster is busy. Potter†¦what’s this rubbish, Potter?’ Why couldn’t he have just got out of the way?† â€Å"Maybe he didn’t want you to get there!† said Ron quickly. â€Å"Maybe – hang on – how fast d’you reckon he could’ve gotten down to the forest? D’you reckon he could’ve beaten you and Dumbledore there?† â€Å"Not unless he can turn himself into a bat or something,† said Harry. â€Å"Wouldn’t put it past him,† Ron muttered. â€Å"We need to see Professor Moody,† said Hermione. â€Å"We need to find out whether he found Mr. Crouch.† â€Å"If he had the Marauder’s Map on him, it would’ve been easy,† said Harry. â€Å"Unless Crouch was already outside the grounds,† said Ron, â€Å"because it only shows up to the boundaries, doesn’t -â€Å" â€Å"Shh!† said Hermione suddenly. Somebody was climbing the steps up to the Owlery. Harry could hear two voices arguing, coming closer and closer. â€Å"- that’s blackmail, that is, we could get into a lot of trouble for that-â€Å" â€Å"- we’ve tried being polite; it’s time to play dirty, like him. He wouldn’t like the Ministry of Magic knowing what he did -â€Å" â€Å"I’m telling you, if you put that in writing, it’s blackmail!† â€Å"Yeah, and you won’t be complaining if we get a nice fat payoff, will you?† The Owlery door banged open. Fred and George came over the threshold, then froze at the sight of Harry, Ron, and Hermione. â€Å"What’re you doing here?† Ron and Fred said at the same time. â€Å"Sending a letter,† said Harry and George in unison. â€Å"What, at this time?† said Hermione and Fred. Fred grinned. â€Å"Fine – we won’t ask you what you’re doing, if you don’t ask us,† he said. He was holding a sealed envelope in his hands. Harry glanced at it, but Fred, whether accidentally or on purpose, shifted his hand so that the name on it was covered. â€Å"Well, don’t let us hold you up,† Fred said, making a mock bow and pointing at the door. Ron didn’t move. â€Å"Who’re you blackmailing?† he said. The grin vanished from Fred’s face. Harry saw George half glance at Fred, before smiling at Ron. â€Å"Don’t be stupid, I was only joking,† he said easily. â€Å"Didn’t sound like that,† said Ron. Fred and George looked at each other. Then Fred said abruptly, â€Å"I’ve told you before, Ron, keep your nose out if you like it the shape it is. Can’t see why you would, but -â€Å" â€Å"It’s my business if you’re blackmailing someone,† said Ron. â€Å"George’s right, you could end up in serious trouble for that.† â€Å"Told you, I was joking,† said George. He walked over to Fred, pulled the letter out of his hands, and began attaching it to the leg of the nearest barn owl. â€Å"You’re starting to sound a bit like our dear older brother, you are, Ron. Carry on like this and you’ll be made a prefect.† â€Å"No, I won’t!† said Ron hotly. George carried the barn owl over to the window and it took off. George turned around and grinned at Ron. â€Å"Well, stop telling people what to do then. See you later.† He and Fred left the Owlery. Harry, Ron, and Hermione stared at one another. â€Å"You don’t think they know something about all this, do you?† Hermione whispered. â€Å"About Crouch and everything?† â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"If it was something that serious, they’d tell someone. They’d tell Dumbledore.† Ron, however, was looking uncomfortable. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Hermione asked him. â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Ron slowly, â€Å"I dunno if they would. They’re†¦they’re obsessed with making money lately, I noticed it when I was hanging around with them – when – you know -â€Å" â€Å"We weren’t talking.† Harry finished the sentence for him. You read "Chapter 29 The Dream" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Yeah, but blackmail†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It’s this joke shop idea they’ve got,† said Ron. â€Å"I thought they were only saying it to annoy Mum, but they really mean it, they want to start one. They’ve only got a year left at Hogwarts, they keep going on about how it’s time to think about their future, and Dad can’t help them, and they need gold to get started.† Hermione was looking uncomfortable now. â€Å"Yes, but†¦they wouldn’t do anything against the law to get gold.† â€Å"Wouldn’t they?† said Ron, looking skeptical. â€Å"I dunno†¦they don’t exactly mind breaking rules, do they?† â€Å"Yes, but this is the law,† said Hermione, looking scared. â€Å"This isn’t some silly school rule†¦.They’ll get a lot more than detention for blackmail! Ron†¦maybe you’d better tell Percy†¦.† â€Å"Are you mad?† said Ron. â€Å"Tell Percy? He’d probably do a Crouch and turn them in.† He stared at the window through which Fred and George’s owl had departed, then said, â€Å"Come on, let’s get some breakfast.† â€Å"D’you think it’s too early to go and see Professor Moody?† Hermione said as they went down the spiral staircase. â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. â€Å"He’d probably blast us through the door if we wake him at the crack of dawn; he’ll think we’re trying to attack him while he’s asleep. Let’s give it till break.† History of Magic had rarely gone so slowly. Harry kept checking Ron’s watch, having finally discarded his own, but Ron’s was moving so slowly he could have sworn it had stopped working too. All three of them were so tired they could happily have put their heads down on the desks and slept; even Hermione wasn’t taking her usual notes, but was sitting with her head on her hand, gazing at Professor Binns with her eyes out of focus. When the bell finally rang, they hurried out into the corridors toward the Dark Arts classroom and found Professor Moody leaving it. He looked as tired as they felt. The eyelid of his normal eye was drooping, giving his face an even more lopsided appearance than usual. â€Å"Professor Moody?† Harry called as they made their way toward him through the crowd. â€Å"Hello, Potter,† growled Moody. His magical eye followed a couple of passing first years, who sped up, looking nervous; it rolled into the back of Moody’s head and watched them around the corner before he spoke again. â€Å"Come in here.† He stood back to let them into his empty classroom, limped in after them, and closed the door. â€Å"Did you find him?† Harry asked without preamble. â€Å"Mr. Crouch?† â€Å"No,† said Moody. He moved over to his desk, sat down, stretched out his wooden leg with a slight groan, and pulled out his hip flask. â€Å"Did you use the map?† Harry said. â€Å"Of course,† said Moody, taking a swig from his flask. â€Å"Took a leaf out of your book, Potter. Summoned it from my office into the forest. He wasn’t anywhere on there.† â€Å"So he did Disapparate?† said Ron. â€Å"You can’t Disapparate on the grounds, Ron!† said Hermione. â€Å"There are other ways he could have disappeared, aren’t there, Professor?† Moody’s magical eye quivered as it rested on Hermione. â€Å"You’re another one who might think about a career as an Auror,† he told her. â€Å"Mind works the right way. Granger.† Hermione flushed pink with pleasure. â€Å"Well, he wasn’t invisible,† said Harry. â€Å"The map shows invisible people. He must’ve left the grounds, then.† â€Å"But under his own steam?† said Hermione eagerly, â€Å"or because someone made him?† â€Å"Yeah, someone could’ve – could’ve pulled him onto a broom and flown off with him, couldn’t they?† said Ron quickly, looking hopefully at Moody as if he too wanted to be told he had the makings of an Auror. â€Å"We can’t rule out kidnap,† growled Moody. â€Å"So,† said Ron, â€Å"d’you reckon he’s somewhere in Hogsmeade?† â€Å"Could be anywhere,† said Moody, shaking his head. â€Å"Only thing we know for sure is that he’s not here.† He yawned widely, so that his scars stretched, and his lopsided mouth revealed a number of missing teeth. Then he said, â€Å"Now, Dumbledore’s told me you three fancy yourselves as investigators, but there’s nothing you can do for Crouch. The Ministry’ll be looking for him now, Dumbledore’s notified them. Potter, you just keep your mind on the third task.† â€Å"What?† said Harry. â€Å"Oh yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hadn’t given the maze a single thought since he’d left it with Krum the previous night. â€Å"Should be right up your street, this one,† said Moody, looking up at Harry and scratching his scarred and stubbly chin. â€Å"From what Dumbledore’s said, you’ve managed to get through stuff like this plenty of times. Broke your way through a series of obstacles guarding the Sorcerers Stone in your first year, didn’t you?† â€Å"We helped,† Ron said quickly. â€Å"Me and Hermione helped.† Moody grinned. â€Å"Well, help him practice for this one, and I’ll be very surprised if he doesn’t win,† said Moody. â€Å"In the meantime†¦constant vigilance, Potter. Constant vigilance.† He took another long draw from his hip flask, and his magical eye swiveled onto the window. The topmost sail of the Durmstrang ship was visible through it. â€Å"You two,† counseled Moody, his normal eye on Ron and Hermione, â€Å"you stick close to Potter, all right? I’m keeping an eye on things, but all the same†¦you can never have too many eyes out.† Sirius sent their owl back the very next morning. It fluttered down beside Harry at the same moment that a tawny owl landed in front of Hermione, clutching a copy of the Daily Prophet in its beak. She took the newspaper, scanned the first few pages, said, â€Å"Ha! She hasn’t got wind of Crouch!† then joined Ron and Harry in reading what Sirius had to say on the mysterious events of the night before last. Harry – what do you think you are playing at, walking off into the forest with Viktor Krum? I want you to swear, by return owl, that you are not going to go walking with anyone else at night. There is somebody highly dangerous at Hogwarts. It is clear to me that they wanted to stop Crouch from seeing Dumbledore and you were probably feet away from them in the dark. You could have been killed. Your name didn’t get into the Goblet of Fire by accident. If someone’s trying to attack you, they’re on their last chance. Stay close to Ron and Hermione, do not leave Gryffindor Tower after hours, and arm yourself for the third task. Practice Stunning and Disarming. A few hexes wouldn’t go amiss either. There’s nothing you can do about Crouch. Keep your head down and look after yourself. I’m waiting for your letter giving me your word you won’t stray out-of-bounds again. Sirius â€Å"Who’s he, to lecture me about being out-of-bounds?† said Harry in mild indignation as he folded up Sirius’s letter and put it inside his robes. â€Å"After all the stuff he did at school!† â€Å"He’s worried about you!† said Hermione sharply. â€Å"Just like Moody and Hagrid! So listen to them!† â€Å"No one’s tried to attack me all year,† said Harry. â€Å"No one’s done anything to me at all-â€Å" â€Å"Except put your name in the Goblet of Fire,† said Hermione. â€Å"And they must’ve done that for a reason. Harry. Snuffles is right. Maybe they’ve been biding their time. Maybe this is the task they’re going to get you.† â€Å"Look,† said Harry impatiently, â€Å"let’s say Sirius is right, and someone Stunned Krum to kidnap Crouch. Well, they would’ve been in the trees near us, wouldn’t they? But they waited till I was out of the way until they acted, didn’t they? So it doesn’t look like I’m their target, does it?† â€Å"They couldn’t have made it look like an accident if they’d murdered you in the forest!† said Hermione. â€Å"But if you die during a task-â€Å" â€Å"They didn’t care about attacking Krum, did they?† said Harry. â€Å"Why didn’t they just polish me off at the same time? They could’ve made it look like Krum and I had a duel or something.† â€Å"Harry, I don’t understand it either,† said Hermione desperately. â€Å"I just know there are a lot of odd things going on, and I don’t like it†¦.Moody’s right – Sirius is right – you’ve got to get in training for the third task, straight away. And you make sure you write back to Sirius and promise him you’re not going to go sneaking off alone again.† The Hogwarts grounds never looked more inviting than when Harry had to stay indoors. For the next few days he spent all of his free time either in the library with Hermione and Ron, looking up hexes, or else in empty classrooms, which they sneaked into to practice. Harry was concentrating on the Stunning Spell, which he had never used before. The trouble was that practicing it involved certain sacrifices on Ron’s and Hermione’s part. â€Å"Can’t we kidnap Mrs. Norris?† Ron suggested on Monday lunchtime as he lay flat on his back in the middle of their Charms classroom, having just been Stunned and reawoken by Harry for the fifth time in a row. â€Å"Let’s Stun her for a bit. Or you could use Dobby, Harry, I bet he’d do anything to help you. I’m not complaining or anything† – he got gingerly to his feet, rubbing his backside – â€Å"but I’m aching all over†¦.† â€Å"Well, you keep missing the cushions, don’t you!† said Hermione impatiently, rearranging the pile of cushions they had used for the Banishing Spell, which Flitwick had left in a cabinet. â€Å"Just try and fall backward!† â€Å"Once you’re Stunned, you can’t aim too well, Hermione! â€Å"said Ron angrily. â€Å"Why don’t you take a turn?† â€Å"Well, I think Harry’s got it now, anyway,† said Hermione hastily. â€Å"And we don’t have to worry about Disarming, because he’s been able to do that for ages†¦.I think we ought to start on some of these hexes this evening.† She looked down the list they had made in the library. â€Å"I like the look of this one,† she said, â€Å"this Impediment Curse. Should slow down anything that’s trying to attack you. Harry. We’ll start with that one.† The bell rang. They hastily shoved the cushions back into Flitwick’s cupboard and slipped out of the classroom. â€Å"See you at dinner!† said Hermione, and she set off for Arithmancy, while Harry and Ron headed toward North Tower, and Divination. Broad strips of dazzling gold sunlight tell across the corridor from the high windows. The sky outside was so brightly blue it looked as though it had been enameled. â€Å"It’s going to be boiling in Trelawney’s room, she never puts out that fire,† said Ron as they started up the staircase toward the silver ladder and the trapdoor. He was quite right. The dimly lit room was swelteringly hot. The fumes from the perfumed fire were heavier than ever. Harry’s head swam as he made his way over to one of the curtained windows. While Professor Trelawney was looking the other way, disentangling her shawl from a lamp, he opened it an inch or so and settled back in his chintz armchair, so that a soft breeze played across his face. It was extremely comfortable. â€Å"My dears,† said Professor Trelawney, sitting down in her winged armchair in front of the class and peering around at them all with her strangely enlarged eyes, â€Å"we have almost finished our work on planetary divination. Today, however, will be an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of Mars, for he is placed most interestingly at the present time. If you will all look this way, I will dim the lights†¦.† She waved her wand and the lamps went out. The fire was the only source of light now. Professor Trelawney bent down and lifted, from under her chair, a miniature model of the solar system, contained within a glass dome. It was a beautiful thing; each of the moons glimmered in place around the nine planets and the fiery sun, all of them hanging in thin air beneath the glass. Harry watched lazily as Professor Trelawney began to point out the fascinating angle Mars was making to Neptune. The heavily perfumed fumes washed over him, and the breeze from the window played across his face. He could hear an insect humming gently somewhere behind the curtain. His eyelids began to droop†¦. He was riding on the back of an eagle owl, soaring through the clear blue sky toward an old, ivy-covered house set high on a hillside. Lower and lower they flew, the wind blowing pleasantly in Harry’s face, until they reached a dark and broken window in the upper story of the house and entered. Now they were flying along a gloomy passageway, to a room at the very end†¦through the door they went, into a dark room whose windows were boarded up†¦. Harry had left the owl’s back†¦he was watching, now, as it fluttered across the room, into a chair with its back to him†¦.There were two dark shapes on the floor beside the chair†¦both of them were stirring†¦. One was a huge snake†¦the other was a man†¦a short, balding man, a man with watery eyes and a pointed nose†¦he was wheezing and sobbing on the hearth rug†¦. â€Å"You are in luck, Wormtail,† said a cold, high-pitched voice from the depths of the chair in which the owl had landed. â€Å"You are very fortunate indeed. Your blunder has not ruined everything. He is dead.† â€Å"My Lord!† gasped the man on the floor. â€Å"My Lord, I am†¦I am so pleased†¦and so sorry†¦.† â€Å"Nagini,† said the cold voice, â€Å"you are out of luck. I will not be feeding Wormtail to you, after all†¦but never mind, never mind†¦there is still Harry Potter†¦.† The snake hissed. Harry could see its tongue fluttering. â€Å"Now, Wormtail,† said the cold voice, â€Å"perhaps one more little reminder why I will not tolerate another blunder from you†¦.† â€Å"My Lord†¦no†¦I beg you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tip of a wand emerged from around the back of the chair. It was pointing at Wormtail. â€Å"Crucio!† said the cold voice. Wormtail screamed, screamed as though every nerve in his body were on fire, the screaming filled Harry’s ears as the scar on his forehead seared with pain; he was yelling too†¦Voldemort would hear him, would know he was there†¦. â€Å"Harry! Harry!† Harry opened his eyes. He was lying on the floor of Professor Trelawney’s room with his hands over his face. His scar was still burning so badly that his eyes were watering. The pain had been real. The whole class was standing around him, and Ron was kneeling next to him, looking terrified. â€Å"You all right?† he said. â€Å"Of course he isn’t!† said Professor Trelawney, looking thoroughly excited. Her great eyes loomed over Harry, gazing at him. â€Å"What was it. Potter? A premonition? An apparition? What did you see?† â€Å"Nothing,† Harry lied. He sat up. He could feel himself shaking. He couldn’t stop himself from looking around, into the shadows behind him; Voldemort’s voice had sounded so close†¦. â€Å"You were clutching your scar!† said Professor Trelawney. â€Å"You were rolling on the floor, clutching your scar! Come now. Potter, I have experience in these matters!† Harry looked up at her. â€Å"I need to go to the hospital wing, I think,† he said. â€Å"Bad headache.† â€Å"My dear, you were undoubtedly stimulated by the extraordinary clairvoyant vibrations of my room!† said Professor Trelawney. â€Å"If you leave now, you may lose the opportunity to see further than you have ever -â€Å" â€Å"I don’t want to see anything except a headache cure,† said Harry. He stood up. The class backed away. They all looked unnerved. â€Å"See you later,† Harry muttered to Ron, and he picked up his bag and headed for the trapdoor, ignoring Professor Trelawney, who was wearing an expression of great frustration, as though she had just been denied a real treat. When Harry reached the bottom of her stepladder, however, he did not set off for the hospital wing. He had no intention whatsoever of going there. Sirius had told him what to do if his scar hurt him again, and Harry was going to follow his advice: He was going straight to Dumbledore’s office. He marched down the corridors, thinking about what he had seen in the dream†¦it had been as vivid as the one that had awoken him on Privet Drive†¦.He ran over the details in his mind, trying to make sure he could remember them†¦.He had heard Voldemort accusing Wormtail of making a blunder†¦but the owl had brought good news, the blunder had been repaired, somebody was dead†¦so Wormtail was not going to be fed to the snake†¦he, Harry, was going to be fed to it instead†¦. Harry had walked right past the stone gargoyle guarding the entrance to Dumbledores office without noticing. He blinked, looked around, realized what he had done, and retraced his steps, stopping in front of it. Then he remembered that he didn’t know the password. â€Å"Sherbet lemon?† he tried tentatively. The gargoyle did not move. â€Å"Okay,† said Harry, staring at it, â€Å"Pear Drop. Er – Licorice Wand. Fizzing Whizbee. Drooble’s Best Blowing Gum. Bertie Bott’s Every Flavor Beans†¦oh no, he doesn’t like them, does he?†¦oh just open, can’t you?† he said angrily. â€Å"I really need to see him, its urgent!† The gargoyle remained immovable. Harry kicked it, achieving nothing but an excruciating pain in his big toe. â€Å"Chocolate Frog!† he yelled angrily, standing on one leg. â€Å"Sugar Quill! Cockroach Cluster!† The gargoyle sprang to life and jumped aside. Harry blinked. â€Å"Cockroach Cluster?† he said, amazed. â€Å"I was only joking†¦.† He hurried through the gap in the walls and stepped onto the foot of a spiral stone staircase, which moved slowly upward as the doors closed behind him, taking him up to a polished oak door with a brass door knocker. He could hear voices from inside the office. He stepped off the moving staircase and hesitated, listening. â€Å"Dumbledore, I’m afraid I don’t see the connection, don’t see it at all!† It was the voice of the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge. â€Å"Ludo says Berthas perfectly capable of getting herself lost. I agree we would have expected to have found her by now, but all the same, we’ve no evidence of foul play, Dumbledore, none at all. As for her disappearance being linked with Barty Crouch’s!† â€Å"And what do you thinks happened to Barty Crouch, Minister?† said Moody’s growling voice. â€Å"I see two possibilities, Alastor,† said Fudge. â€Å"Either Crouch has finally cracked – more than likely, I’m sure you’ll agree, given his personal history – lost his mind, and gone wandering off somewhere -â€Å" â€Å"He wandered extremely quickly, if that is the case, Cornelius,† said Dumbledore calmly. â€Å"Or else – well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fudge sounded embarrassed. â€Å"Well, I’ll reserve judgment until after I’ve seen the place where he was found, but you say it was just past the Beauxbatons carriage? Dumbledore, you know what that woman is?† â€Å"I consider her to be a very able headmistress – and an excellent dancer,† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"Dumbledore, come!† said Fudge angrily. â€Å"Don’t you think you might be prejudiced in her favor because of Hagrid? They don’t all turn out harmless – if, indeed, you can call Hagrid harmless, with that monster fixation he’s got -â€Å" â€Å"I no more suspect Madame Maxime than Hagrid,† said Dumbledore, just as calmly. â€Å"I think it possible that it is you who are prejudiced, Cornelius.† â€Å"Can we wrap up this discussion?† growled Moody. â€Å"Yes, yes, let’s go down to the grounds, then,† said Fudge impatiently. â€Å"No, it’s not that,† said Moody, â€Å"it’s just that Potter wants a word with you, Dumbledore. He’s just outside the door.† How to cite Chapter 29 The Dream, Essay examples

A Critique On Professional Aspects Of Registered Nurses - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critique On Professional Aspects Of Registered Nurses. Answer: Clinical Governance: There are various approaches made to increase consumers participation in the health care systems. The consumers are defined as the people who do avail the services provided within the scope of the installed infrastructure and policies of a health sector enterprise with investment of their valued resources. The most effective method to increase the participation extent on the part of the consumers is through educating them via training and learning sessions (Goldsmith Piscopo, 2014). Training, education and learning are three intermingling areas that overlap each other in delivering complete effectiveness. The term teaching incites different perceptions among different people. The term teachers poses a picture of an authoritative individual beaming in the glory of knowledge to some while some do recall an elegant experience of having company of an enigmatic individual. The term training is more goals oriented and emphasizes on learning of particular set of skills which have direct im plementation in applications. Education is the achievement of these combined processes which enables an individual to upgrade his or her perspective to perceive a particular topic and deal with it accordingly (Wilson, 2014). Effective education and training can help in increasing the participation by the consumers. This endeavor generates the prospect of adults to be a learner and use some key aspects of this learning in decision making regarding their own health care ventures. This education model is scientific and authentic which therefore has obtained it a model name called Mindmap for Education Learning and Training Model (Pudelko et al., 2012). It reveals various facets of effective training and education programs in ascertaining increased participation by consumers in health sector. The model gives a consent that collaborative learning environment among adult patients and families is challenging and comparatively new in health care domain and can be encouraged upon seeing the fruitful result of such educating process. This model also gives an insight in the balancing of power and freedom on the part of the parties taking part in health care services. Consumer participation can be increased through proper grievance and riddles addressal. This increases the willingness and trust factor of the consumers to be involved with the concerned organization to serve their individualistic interests. Organizations need to implement surveys; acceptance mechanism of feedbacks; meeting consumer complaints with priority and addressing freedom of information requests (Savage Hyde, 2014). Consumer feedbacks can also be introduced in developing the information resources and strategies to communicate with patient parties, families and assistance seekers (Oliver et al., 2014). My Experience: I can increase the participation of the consumer in making the treatment plan upon informing the patient with relevant information relating to his or her condition and thereby asking his or her opinion and suitability in accordance with the proposed treatment plan. The implementation process may require educating and making patient aware about merits and demerits of each step in the treatment regime and thereby encourage in participating following the course of the treatment accurately. The evaluation process may include inclusion of more specific information about the sickness in diagnosis from patients end and empowering patient with the information of available diagnostic and curative or preventive methods. National Safety and Quality Health Service Standard There are ten standards all total present within the scope of National Safety and Quality Health Service. These standards include governing of quality and safety in organizations working in health sector; making partnership with patients, prevention and regulation of infections among patients; safety in terms of medication; identification of patients and ordaining treatment procedure; clinical handover; guidelines pertaining to blood transfusion; management of pressure wounds; addressing acute health conditions and prevention of additional injuries like falling down among elderly patients (Safetyandquality.gov.au, 2017). The pertinent guideline that is to be delved in within the scope of this text is the norm dealing with the prevention and regulation of infections among patients. There are several outcomes related to it if the best practice is not met. The possible outcomes include aggravation of the present condition of the patient; further onset of secondary opportunistic infectio n by opportunistic pathogens; complication of symptoms; generation of need of different diagnostic procedure and associated treatment plan and in extreme cases the patient might die due to lack in meeting this standard. Infection causing organisms do evolve with passing time span and this poses a great challenge to infection prevention and treatment (Hossain et al., 2013). The gram negative organisms change their o-side chains in order to be viable as infectious agents. The organisms get resistant to most prevalent antibiotics due to over exposure to them. These organisms may include Methicillin resistant Staphyllococcus aureus and Vancomycin resistant enterococci (Gruenheid Moual, 2012). There will be patients in close proximity in Australian settings of health care and these patients might undergo operative procedures. Some patients might get administered medicine with attached set up of infrastructure and some might get immunosuppressive medicine or broad spectrum of antibiotics. These situations describe the significance in maintaining awareness regarding infections and their pervasive prevalence in Australian health care system. Each year many patients get diagnosed with nosocomial infections and other hospital ward infections in Australia and some of these infections require more powerful medication along with complication of pre-existing condit ions. The asserted steps in regulating infections include infection assessment and prevention strategies, managing patients with infection, antimicrobial stewardship, disinfection and sterilization procedure and communication with patient (Runciman et al., 2012). My Experience: I as a nurse can be more cautious during sterilization procedure of hospital instrument via processes like autoclaving, ethylene oxide administration or ethanol washing to avert infections of patients. I can therefore plan a suitable antimicrobial care procedure in collaboration with physician to alleviate the burden of infection on the patient after analyzing the vital signs of the patient. Inventory on Leadership traits among Nurses: Leadership qualities among nurses can be a helpful tool to empower health care services. Their leadership role examples can be found in government organizations distributed among array of levels including participation in steering committees (Doody Doody, 2012). These roles can impart tremendous experience and understanding of changing demands of health care system. Nurses have a clear view of how political, social and economical factors shape the health care world and the respective needs of the consumers coming from varying background in terms of cultural aspect and ethnic backdrop of individuals in Australia. Their professional role also enables them to have an insight in the effectiveness of various services being provided by several health care service providers groups. Registered nurses do develop a strong aptitude to identify the possible challenges and enablers in making a particular care giving system effective and efficient in Australian health community (Hutchinson Jacks on, 2013). Hence, nurse leaders are approached not only to ponder on thenursing activities within the organizations but they are usually asked to give their consideration on achieving suitable patient care that would be the ultimate goal of any patient care facility. Nurse leaders play crucial roles in many areas of leadership and whistle blowing initiatives that include patient centered value driven care system and clinical perspective to add to the national database about the strategic direction and progress of indigenous health sector (Brunetto et al., 2013). Leaders after achieving this level are expected to understand the necessary changes that will be required to put a reform into work. Nurses do play an important role at this level of leadership in shaping the overall strategies of the entire organization as well as they provide their professional clinical support on the daily basis. The instances of registered nurse leadership are most prevalent in organizations where formal structuring is well maintained and in these organizations nurses are rendered executive roles as well. They are usually offered designations like chiefnursing officers or directors ofnursing facilities. The critical analysis suggests that nurse leaders being equipped with relevant clinical knowledge and management skills play one of the major roles in structuring the quality service to be rendered and the business opportunity as well as humanitarian aspect of the health care organizations (Dignam et al., 2012). My Experience: I do highlight on the strategies of management of patients grievances and proper resolution of the riddle in order to make the treatment experience better for the patient. The strategy to achieve this goal includes taking proper feedback from the patient using a preordained indent of query statements in survey forms. The authenticities of these feedbacks are to be checked and the necessary actions are to be taken up wherever felt necessary. Suitable assessment and evaluation processes should be present there to ascertain the impact of these corrective steps on the overall growth of the organization. Learning Culture and Professional Development: There have been various researches in past decades about incorporating learning prospects in working field while working in firsthand experience in health care sector. This enables the worker to gather different social and professional experiences pertaining to the ordained task in the respective designation (Taylor Cranton, 2012). The learning and participation in the work are to be viewed as reciprocal and complementary processes to each other in order to generate quality work force within the organization. The notion of relational dependence in between the decision calls made in the professional work and the conventional practice in the sector is of prime importance in this regard as room for improvisation is left here which can be best possibly devised upon possessing good professional learning outcomes. A good practice can be therefore further included in conventional approaches. Work place learning is usually termed as informal process as it comes as a byproduct of the imparti ng service process. This individualistic learning approach requires confidence and belief and depends on the willingness and earnestness of concerned individual regarding his or her workplace responsibilities. This is especially applicable in regard of the challenging professional fields like that of registered nurses in Australia. The agenda of work place activities and associated learning can be well addressed via well structured curriculum in this scenario as per some schools of thoughts (Adamson Dewar, 2015). This curriculum will provide direct and indirect support to nurses in learning activities while working in health care sectors concising their approach making it more goals oriented. The work place administration should encourage in activities which increase both the theoretical and practical knowledge of the registered nurses. There are three aspects associated with the work culture that encourages work place learning. These angles include participation in community work; engagement in interpersonal relationship and access to important knowledge resources. Discrepancies in abilities among the nurses show that nurses acquire more learning objectives and favorable outcomes upon being assigned to particular critical job assignments which have scopes to learn. This in turn imposes an effect on the development and growth of nurse individuals as a professional and in humanitarian values (Zuber-Skerritt Teare, 2013). My Experience: I would preferably design strategies to understand how lack of clinical knowledge and cultural disposition affect treatment care and the ways to overcome these barriers. I would emphasize on workplace learning of various cultural considerations of the patients and their predispositions to certain beliefs. How these beliefs can be assimilated with the perspectives of the ordained treatment plan would be my major goal in dealing with the patient. I would like to educate patient more on the clinical condition and possible resolving process. This prime knowledge not only makes the experience of the patient in availing a health care system better but also enables the patient to actively take part in the treatment procedure upon highlighting on critical steps in the treatment plan as per his or her considerations. Role ambiguity and stress on registered nurses: Nurses do undergo various instances of role ambiguities during their service period in medical support giving centers and these scenarios produce potential stress factors to them. This particular phenomenon is more perceived in situations where nurses get promoted to case manager designation from normalnursing phase. Four major areas associated with it come in to focus in this regard. These areas include professional image, interpersonal relationship, time bound service and business perspective of the organization. The interpersonal relationships in this regard with respect to patients and as well as intra and inter department relationships among professionals play a major role in the service. The conflict arises while working in this domain is the coercion in between the business policy of the concerned organization and the basic need of the patient being prominent after a detailed conversation. This in turn can pose stress factors reducing professional satisfaction and self confide nce (Lu et al., 2012). The conflict becomes more severe in cases when a nurse has been promoted as a case manager without proper prior training. The concerned individual in this situation does not become aware of the plausible job responsibilities and hence the inner dilemmas get increased. This ethical issue in choosing between interests of the employer and consumer becomes more cumbersome in situations where euthanasia is in question or has been approached. They need to be given appropriate inputs on balancing in case management, chalking out viable options, identifying vulnerable individuals and sense of responsibility without sense of authority. There can be various approaches that might deal with workplace stresses of registered nurses. Stress is usually considered as a physical response which begets from psychological strain of some manner. Small amount of stress is useful and beneficial in some contexts while major sources of stress can do havoc in ones life. It also plays an important role in eleva ting and decreasing the motivational level among individuals (Happell et al., 2013). My Experience: I would personally prefer to implement two stress buster processes as a solution to the work place stress due to some operational dilemma among registered nurses. One method is keeping a personal notebook and noting down all occupational conflicts or controversial points and concerned development along with personal perspective regarding that. This is a methodical approach and by doing this the consistent revolving pattern of stressful thoughts gets blocked. Another approach to reduce workplace stress is to keep the moral conscience at the balanced level. One registered nurse has to keep in mind always that the service being provided is always from a professional point of views and not personal. Thus some critical aspects of moral inclination and decision making dangling between patient interest and institutional policies subject to analysis can be exempted in regard of a registered nurses job role when the balancing factor and organizational regulations come into picture. References: Adamson, E., Dewar, B. (2015). Compassionate Care: Student nurses' learning through reflection and the use of story.Nurse education in practice,15(3), 155-161. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471595314001164 Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., Shriberg, A., Farr?Wharton, R., Shacklock, K., Newman, S., Dienger, J. (2013). The impact of workplace relationships on engagement, well?being, commitment and turnover for nurses in Australia and the USA.Journal of Advanced Nursing,69(12), 2786-2799. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.12165/full Dignam, D., Duffield, C., Stasa, H., Gray, J., Jackson, D., Daly, J. (2012). Management and leadership in nursing: an Australian educational perspective.Journal of nursing management,20(1), 65-71. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01340.x/full Doody, O., Doody, C. M. (2012). Transformational leadership in nursing practice. https://ulir.ul.ie/handle/10344/2782 Goldsmith, E. B., Piscopo, S. (2014). Advances in consumer education: European initiatives.International Journal of Consumer Studies,38(1), 52-61. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcs.12063/full Gruenheid, S., Moual, H. (2012). Resistance to antimicrobial peptides in Gram?negative bacteria.FEMS microbiology letters,330(2), 81-89. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02528.x/full Happell, B., Dwyer, T., Reid?Searl, K., Burke, K. J., Caperchione, C. M., Gaskin, C. J. (2013). Nurses and stress: recognizing causes and seeking solutions.Journal of nursing management,21(4), 638-647. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jonm.12037/full Hossain, M. S., Rahman, N. N. N. A., Balakrishnan, V., Puvanesuaran, V. R., Sarker, M. Z. I., Kadir, M. O. A. (2013). Infectious risk assessment of unsafe handling practices and management of clinical solid waste.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(2), 556-567. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/10/2/556/htm Hutchinson, M., Jackson, D. (2013). Transformational leadership in nursing: towards a more critical interpretation.Nursing inquiry,20(1), 11-22. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nin.12006/full Lu, H., Barriball, K. L., Zhang, X., While, A. E. (2012). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses revisited: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,49(8), 1017-1038. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020748911004536 Oliver, K., Innvar, S., Lorenc, T., Woodman, J., Thomas, J. (2014). A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers.BMC health services research,14(1), 2. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-14-2 Pudelko, B., Young, M., Vincent?Lamarre, P., Charlin, B. (2012). Mapping as a learning strategy in health professions education: a critical analysis.Medical education,46(12), 1215-1225. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/medu.12032/full Runciman, W. B., Hunt, T. D., Hannaford, N. A., Hibbert, P. D., Westbrook, J. I., Coiera, E. W., ... Braithwaite, J. (2012). CareTrack: assessing the appropriateness of health care delivery in Australia.The Medical Journal of Australia,197(2), 100-105. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/2/caretrack-assessing-appropriateness-health-care-delivery-australia?0=ip_login_no_cache%3Ddf4fbb8c07b4fb75247f37de7be8a216 Safetyandquality.gov.au. (2017). Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/NSQHS-Standards-Sept-2012.pdf Savage, A., Hyde, R. (2014). Using freedom of information requests to facilitate research.International Journal of Social Research Methodology,17(3), 303-317. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13645579.2012.742280 Taylor, E. W., Cranton, P. (2012).The handbook of transformative learning: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley Sons. Edition: March 13, 2012. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=AyT2UTqOPBYCoi=fndpg=PT8dq=Taylor,+E.+W.,+%26+Cranton,+P.+(2012).+The+handbook+of+transformative+learning:+Theory,+research,+and+practice.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=oNq9pFKPJlsig=lieCO9oY1GrI58bJpQqn92Q4IFw#v=onepageq=Taylor%2C%20E.%20W.%2C%20%26%20Cranton%2C%20P.%20(2012).%20The%20handbook%20of%20transformative%20learning%3A%20Theory%2C%20research%2C%20and%20practice.%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons.f=false Wilson, J. P. (2014). International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2). https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/DLO-02-2014-0010 Zuber-Skerritt, O., Teare, R. (Eds.). (2013).Lifelong action learning for community development: Learning and development for a better world. Springer Science Business Media. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6209-389-8_1

Failure in the Sarah Palin Election in US 2008

Governor Sarah Palin was the running mate of Republican Candidate John McCain during the General Elections in the US in 2008. It has been argued that the media coverage she received in the run up to that election was biased and led McCain to lose to President Barack Obama. This paper will discuss whether sexism and misogyny in media coverage were the main factors that led to the failure of Governor Palin to become Vice President in 2008.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Failure in the Sarah Palin Election in US 2008 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media has been accused of undermining female political aspirants and other well known public figures. Gender activists have accused US mainstream media of stereotyping gender roles during Palin’s Vice -Presidential campaigns in 2008. These activists argue that the media’s coverage was heavily slanted and did not bring out Palin’s positive leader ship traits. Some gender observers add that the media’s coverage strengthened long held stereotypes in the public about female candidates and women in general. These observers conclude that the sexist nature of the media coverage led the public to doubt Sarah Palin’s leadership credentials. The media is dominated by male reporters and journalists who rub shoulders with powerful male politicians. Observers argue that this situation made Palin’s campaign to be viewed from a sexist and non-objective angle. Gender observers add that politics and election contests are viewed as adversarial. Masculinity dominates the language used by the media to describe political contests making elections to be seen as a male affair. Metaphors used by journalists to describe elections include: battles, battle ground, combat, duel, victory and strategy. The media scrutinizes the backgrounds of political candidates during elections which makes it harder for women vying for public offi ce to succeed. It is right to say that the media has a lot of influence on who gets elected to public office. It should not be assumed however that, it is only the media’s bias that led to Palin’s loss in the Vice- Presidential election of 2008. Her candidature depended heavily on the way the main candidate John McCain and his campaign team reached out to voters. McCain had more media attention than Palin because he was running for the top office in the land. Palin’s role was complementary to McCain’s efforts and as such, her success or failure was tied to how McCain was able to get voters’ support. The policy issues that McCain had in his plan were not popular with voters. The economy was performing badly and his challenger President Obama was able to raise voters’ expectations more than McCain did.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The then o utgoing president, George Bush, a Republican was very unpopular. His policies had created problems for the country. Sarah Palin as the Vice Presidential Republican running mate had some of this resentment by voters directed to her. The reaction of the voters therefore, was partly influenced by the poor performance of the outgoing administration which had low popularity ratings. The campaign of Palin and McCain was evaluated by their inability to bring the desired change in the administration of public affairs. McCain’s campaign failed to the most critical issues voters were passionate about. In conclusion, it is misleading to blame gender bias by the media as the major cause for Sarah Palin’s failure in 2008. Other factors related to McCain’s campaign contributed to the loss in presidential elections. McCain’s campaign failures made the Republican Party to lose the race for White House. This essay on Failure in the Sarah Palin Election in US 2008 was written and submitted by user Jazmyn Mendez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Rationale and Methodology †Law 500 Level Research Paper

Research Rationale and Methodology – Law 500 Level Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Research Rationale and Methodology Law 500 Level Research Paper The war on terrorism has become an extremely important and contemporary issue due to events occurring in the last decade. The tragic events of September 11th 2001 and the Madrid bombing of 11th March 2004 have impacted on the entire world. Every person has their own personal opinion on these events, which has resulted in much debate on the issue of global terrorism. This issue should therefore, provide the basis for an extremely interesting investigation as the many differing opinions will give rise to a wide range of potential literature on the subject. The literature review will be an essential part of this study as all literature collected will have to be examined carefully in order to decide whether a topic has already been covered. Perhaps more importantly, it will also give rise to an informed decision as to which literature articles should actually form part of the study. The topic is worth researching because global terrorism of the magnitude witnessed on September 11th is a relatively new phenomenon. It may be the case therefore, that there are some quite considerable gaps in the field of research into terrorism. Research Methodology: Investigating the measures afforded by the law in order to protect the public from the war on terrorism requires a comparative study. This is because the research question formulated clearly shows that the study will require a comparison of the law relating to terrorism before and after the events of September 11th. My study will be of qualitative research rather than using quantitative research as I personally feel that this is the best approach to take when investigating a topic such as terrorism. This is because one of my aims in performing the research is to use a wide range of data which will help me to achieve a further goal of gaining insight and perception into the past and current laws on terrorism. I will investigate the research question that I posed in conjunction with my further studies and results form my sub-questions. I will take each sub-question in turn and will analyse the extent to which these questions can help me in my research of my main topic by giving me a b etter conceptual knowledge of the subject. This will then enable me to create a coherent investigation and subsequent evaluation of my chose topic of the war on terrorism. Research of the sub-questions: In order to attempt to answer my first sub-question, I will need to begin by carrying out a legal database search for all the legislation passed before and after the events of September 11th 2001. I intend to use both Lexis and Westlaw as the databases to conduct my initial search. After viewing the results for this search I will attempt to break down the subject matter in relevant parts. I will then conducting both Boolean and Truncation searches of the legal databases to ensure that I have not missed any vital information. My preferred search engine for investigating my first sub-question will be Google. Using this tool I can gather lots of opinions from the general public and from academics on the subject of September 11th and the law relating to terrorism before and after this date. My first investigation on Google would be a phrase search and this would be once again followed by Boolean and truncation searches. I can also access electronic journals using Westlaw and Lexis and will carry out a library catalogue search to see if there are any other journals which could be of use. I will also investigate secondary sources such as legal textbooks which should help me to find out the basic elements regarding the public and their changing attitudes towards terrorism. This will also enable me to put all my other research items in context and will help in my perception of the whole area of terrorism and the current and past law relating to this subject. My second sub-question has links with my first sub-question and therefore, any research I obtain on the first sub-question will be of good value. Once again, a legal database search should reveal any statutes or case law on the subject of terrorism both prior to and after the events of September 11th. This sub-question covers quite a large area and therefore I may benefit from performing a wide search of multiple search engines using a metasearch engine such as Vivisimo. I believe however, that problems may arise in my investigation into this particular sub-question due to its close personal link with the distressing nature of the events that occurred. It might be hard to find officials willing to talk about the tragedy and the opinion of most of the general public would possibly be biased based upon the horror that they witnessed. It may be possible to attempt to contact someone close to the tragedy itself by phone or email but this would have to be approached with extreme care. Another worrying problem is that the general public is not always clear on what exactly the laws governing terrorism are. This would mean that they might not always be able to give a well informed, reasoned opinion. I do not believe therefore, that attempting to carry out a questionnaire to assess the opinions of the general public would be of any use in my study for the reasons highlighted above. In conducting an investigation into my third sub-question I will focus my research on legislation which was in force before September 11th 2001 . This will give me a legalistic outlook on the topic which will be of good use in relation to my actual research question. I will also investigate legal journals and published articles on the subject of terrorism using Westlaw and Lexis as my tools. Research Outcome: From the research to be conducted, I believe that I will find that attitudes towards terrorism have changed dramatically since September 11th 2001. I feel that after this tragic event, people began to fully understand the menace posed by global terrorism. I believe that the general public will become better informed about the problem and of the laws in place designed to protect them from this threat. I believe that the research would show that national law does reflect public opinion on the issue of terrorism in that laws enacted after September 11th offer stiff penalties for anyone convicted of a terrorist offence. I expect to experience problems before I eventually arrive at my research conclusions. I envisage the main problem to be that of sensitivity as the hurt caused by the September 11th attack may prevent me from interviewing certain people and from accessing certain information that might have been censored to protect the victims families. A further problem associated with investigating such a delicate topic as the September 11th is that public opinion may be extremely biased as a result of the tragedy. This must be taken into account when analysing the research. The research must also be read in conjunction with its social context. By this I mean the time when the research was carried out, political impetus and the possible person experiences of the commentator. Therefore, an illustration of this is it would not have been a good idea to attempt to research the September 11th event a week after in happened. Time in between was needed in between to allow the world to settle down and reflect on the tragedy. A final potential problem with my investigation is that my research may be too narrow. The delicateness of the September 11th events means that certain information and research may be of limited access. The actual searches that I have chosen to use in my gathering of information may also be too narrow themselves. This would lead to an unbalanced and unreliable investigation. I believe that the investigation I have outlined above, will provide an effective and purposive study into the subject of global terrorism and the effect of the law on terrorism both prior to and after September 11th 2001. It will hopefully be able to demonstrate that there are gaps in the field of research into terrorism and the laws relating to terrorism. The investigation should make an attempt to begin to bridge part of this gap by emphasising the current problems encountered by the public and between their respective nations in their war on terrorism. Research Papers on Research Rationale and Methodology - Law 500 Level Research PaperResearch Process Part OneQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMind TravelStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

An Organizational Ethical Dilemma of NIKE Essay

An Organizational Ethical Dilemma of NIKE - Essay Example According to the research findings Nike’s supply chain has flaws in contract negotiations and supplier oversight. The company’s dispersed nature of operations has created opportunities as well as posed challenges to the corporate reputation, to the brand and most importantly to the stakeholders at large. The dilemma that arose from Nike’s internationally disbanded manufacturing factories mainly focus on the poor labor practices, child labor, unsafe and inhumane working environment, discriminating wages, environmental hazardous operations and processes etc. All of these issues point towards Nike’s unconcerned social and corporate behavior. This indicates the absence of business ethics at Nike. 1. Nike was negligent towards its own factories and their practices. 2. There was neither established labor employment and working standards nor a code of ethics for conducting business overseas. 3. Nike not only failed to control overseas production activities but it was also failed to provide and maintain compliance of its international operations with the law. The ethical issues at Nike points out the company’s irresponsible business conduct towards its major stakeholders. The employees at Nike’s outsourced Asian factories were confronted with bad working conditions which were not only unsafe but also immoral and unethical to a great extent. These factories were using child labor, withholding due wages, extended working hours, harmful working conditions, no health and environmental concerns. All of this was done to keep the operating cost of Nike products as low as possible which was the primary goal of Nike’s production outsourcing. ... The company was only focusing its own management interest for low cost and profitability; and on the other hand it was ignoring even the basic rights and interests of rest of all its stakeholders. The internal customers i.e. the employees of Nike were confronted with malpractices and substandard working conditions. The company is so irresponsibly uninformed and unconcerned about what is going on in the overseas factories (DeTienne, and Lewis, 2005). Moreover, the company is pioneering the consumer market for its competitive products across the globe but it has no intentions or motivations to serve labor market the same leader’s way. It shows that the company was more concerned about cash inflow resources than about cash outflow sources. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE Nike’s environment unfriendly business practices were responsible for deteriorating surroundings in the localities where Nike’s apparel and textile industries were established. Nike was not taking any notice of these environmental losses to the local community (DeTienne, and Lewis, 2005). In this way Nike became critics’ prime target for unethical business attitude. Relevant Individuals and Groups (Stakeholders) Are Affected By the Dilemma? The main victims of Nike’s unethical business conduct were its own employees. Generally called as human assets; employees were being exploited by Nike. The customers and the consumers were also affected by Nike’s unethical practices, because they had trusted Nike products and the brand has established deep consumer connections (Williams, 2006). The consumer confidence over Nike was shattered. There was disappointment and distrust in consumer imagery for Nike. The community at large was also influenced by the negative externalities

Context of care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Context of care - Essay Example According to the Institute of Medicine (2001, p. 1), quality â€Å"is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.† Buttel l et.al (2007, p. 62) further expanded on the definition of quality developed by the Institute of Medicine and arrived at â€Å"quality consists of the degree of desired health outcomes (quality principles), are consistent with current professional knowledge (professional practitioner skill), and meet the expectations of health users (the marketplace).† In this regard, the public has continued to become more and more aware of the role of quality in health care and even though the definition continues to remain the same, the level of quality awareness has significantly changed (Buttel l et.al (2007, p.62-63). Quality in a healthcare setting is therefore vital for the patient’s experience. In the recent past, the health outcomes for children and young people in the UK have been observed to be poor and many people around the world have attributed this to failures of care (Clements, 2013, p5). Fuller (2011, p. 4-6) observed that despite the major improvements achieved in reduction in the number of teenagers and involved in smoking and early pregnancies and prominent areas of special care, the deaths of children and young people of below 14 years in UK is larger than any other European country in both in Western and Northern Europe. Cheung (2012, p. 12) indicated that within the European healthcare setting, there are enormous and unexplained variations in almost all of healthcare aspects related to children and young people. In this case, the UK has been observed to be worse in children and young people care than all the other European nations and leading in aspects of childhood accidents, infant mortality,

Social Networking Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Networking Project - Assignment Example I have massively utilized Facebook in connecting to the diverse business interaction and management via placing stories regarding BusinessWeek, Wired News, and Computerworld. This has attracted attention of the teens and adults. Nevertheless, I intend to add MySpace and LinkedIn to attract positive attention in regard to my professional projects of social media and social networking tools in the establishment and utilization of the third party social networking as means of communication of business personnel. The five main connections that have recently attracted entail social bookmarking, Blogs widget, MySpace and LinkedIn. Social bookmarking account to the post where public users does not own any account thus will account both video and image whilst blogs will cater for the Twitter, Google, Blogger and Word press thus advancing connection. Widget will cater for those who utilize Opera browser such as web tools, games, music and corresponding news whilst MySpace and LinkedIn will offer

Cafe Expresso And Sustained Competitive Advantage

Cafe Expresso And Sustained Competitive Advantage The purpose of this report was to critically analyse the Human Resource and Performance management systems of Cafe Expresso as a source of sustained competitive advantage. Specific objectives were to discuss the Human Resource, as a source of sustained competitive advantage (under RBV) in a company. In addition, the implications of RBV (Resource Based View) on SHRM (Strategic Human Resource Management) of an organization were discussed and how performance management systems are put in place to multiply its efficiency. The role of managers in this regard was also analysed to certain extent. In the end, threat posed to Cafà © Expresso was identified and recommendations were offered. One of the challenges faced by the company was the sustainability of its competitive advantage. The report recommends an extensive use of innovation and creativity at all levels of management in the company and futuristic approach in all its strategies and decision-making process. Table of Contents Introduction The case study on which this report is based, deals with one of the renowned players of the coffee house industry, called the Cafà © Expresso. After reining the coffee industry for almost 15 years, they lost their market share at the hand of rival competitors. As their key staff was poached and business model imitated. The new leadership in the form of charismatic chief executive, Ben Thomson, identified the problem in companys human resource and appointed, Kam Patel as a new global HR director to sort it out. Kam Patel worked on the new HR strategy to achieve Bens vision of becoming the number one coffee house across the globe. She revolutionised the role of HR and introduced functions of Partner Resources, where all employees were termed as partners in the business. Other key areas on which she focused were, resourcing and retention, learning and development, talent management, employee involvement and communication, and compensation and benefits. Her efforts reaped results and Cafà © Expresso moved to number two in the industry. The service had improved considerably and there was an increased level of staff and customer retention. However, they were now concerned about sustaining and developing this competitive advantage, which they achieved through superior strategy and innovative HR practices (Harzing and pinnington, 2011). Objectives of the report The main objectives of the report are to discuss the Human Resource Management strategy of cafà © expresso in light of Resource Based Theory presented by Barney (1991). Followed by key recommendations, as to how it can further develop or maintain its competitive advantage, based on this perspective. Purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to put forward an inductive theoretical discussion, where by, the human resource in an organization can be viewed as a source of sustained competitive advantage. In order to accomplish our mission, we will focus on the need to introduce the Strategic Human resource Management and the summary of Resource Based View of an organization, as well as, cursory touching upon the old and new conflicting theories in the process. We will then identify the circumstances, under which the human resource is actually valuable, rear, inimitable and non-substantial (VRIO framework). We will draw an end to literature review by discussing the implications of RBV on basic SHRM and example case study. Finally, we will discuss the inferences and put forward recommendations, as to how human resources can provide sustained competitive advantage and analyzing the role of HR practices in creating this advantage. Limitations Due to word limit, this report only discusses the theoretical research carried in the field of SHRM development and not the empirical research. Literature Review Strategic Human Resource Management and Transformation Armstrong (2008:5) defines Human Resource Management as a strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organisations most valued assets- the people working there, who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives. Therefore, strategic HRM can be termed as those HR policies and practices, which will help an organisation in achieving its long-term goals and objectives through its people. Purcell (1999) defines strategic HRM as those actions, which differentiate an organsiation from its competitors in the market. HR policies and practices are no longer being formulated in isolation, as in the past. In the last half a century, HR functions have transformed from personnel in 1970s to employee welfare (unions) in 1990s to a strategic business partners in 21st century (Holbeche, 2009; Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). The current period of HR transformation has been greatly influenced by Dave Ulrichs thinking (Holbeche, 2009). Strategic Management Framework Strategic management has seen remarkable advancement in the past half a century. Ever since the realisation of strategy into management, both academic researchers and practitioners have shown great interest in this field (Wright, et al, 1994). The business strategy encompasses the organisations strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats-SWOT (Chanda, 2009). The strategists have relied extensively on this single framework (SWOT) to structure their work (Barney, 1991). Other contribution in this framework is Porters- 5 Force Model in Fig.1.1, which emphasizes on the external environmental factors affecting firms performance. Porters model did receive a wide range of acceptability by the practitioners, but it does not cater for the determinants, on which a companys manager has influence (Wright, et al, 1994). Keeping in view the above mentioned strategic management theories, based on external factors determining the competitive advantage of an organization, let us now narrow down to strategic human resource management. In this regard, the most relative one is the Outside-in (Michigan HRM Model) theory, first published by Tichy, et al., 1982) According to them, People are recruited in to the organisations to do the jobs defined, by the division of labour. Performance must be monitored and rewards must be given to keep individuals productive (Devanna, et, al, 1984). In their model, Fig.2.2 Strategic management and environmental pressures they present the basic elements as interrelated systems, that are surrounded in the work related environment. C:UsersShahrukhDesktopR0801E_A.gif Fig.2.1 The five competitive forces that shape strategy Source: Harvard Business review, 2008 However, critics suggest that this model has harder, less humanistic approach to HRM, holding the employees as a resource, in the same manner as any other business resource. People can be obtained as cheap as possible, used sparingly, developed and exploited to organizations benefit (Price, 2011). Another limitation to this model is that, it cannot fit into dynamic and globalized economic conditions, where innovation and learning is the key to sustained competitive advantage. One of the upcoming and current theoretical discussions on strategic management is the Resource Based View of an organization (Barney, 1991; Wright, 1993). This theory of strategic management is different from environmentally-focused and externally motivated theories (e.g., Poter, 1980; Tichy, et al, 1982; Devanna, et al, 1984). It mainly focuses on the inside out view of the organization (Barney, 1991), its strategy and its performance (Hill and Jones, 2007). Furthermore, the Resource Based model of competitive advantage is mainly organisation- focused as compared to strategic management analysis by Porter and Devanna, which are industry environment- focused (Mc Williams and Smart cited in Wright, 1994). Resource Based View of an organisation Resource based view of a company as described above, emphasizes upon the internal resources of the company as a major factor in competitive success and sustainability (Wright, et al, 1994). It is therefore, imperative to briefly focus on the definitions of resources, competitive advantage and sustained competitive advantage. Resources within Resource Based Theory According to Barney(1991:101) the resources in a firm are all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a firm that enable a firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness. Barney also classifies these resources in to three categories, such as, physical capital resources, human capital resources and organizational capital resources (Wright, et al, 1994). Since our focus is on human capital resources, therefore, according to Barney, it includes such things as experience, intelligence of both managers and workers in an organisation. Competitive and sustained competitive advantage When discussing the RBV of a firm, the above mentioned resources are in fact the source of competitive advantage. Barney (1991:102) believes competitive advantage is being achieved when a firm is implementing a value creating strategy, not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. In contrast, in the environmentally motivated strategic models (e.g. Porters 1980; Devanna1984), the resources are considered to be mobile and that companies can create or purchase, resources held by the other firms (Wright, et al, 2001). The second definition is the sustained competitive advantage. Some authors have suggested that a sustained competitive advantage is simply a competitive advantage that lasts long period of calendar time (e.g. Jacobson 1988; Porter1985) (Barney, 1991). Whereas, the new theory is that sustained competitive advantage occurs only when the competitors are unable to copy the benefits of a competitor advantage at the first place (Wright, et al, 1994). Therefore, the criteria chalked down by Barney (1991) for sustained competitive advantage in his resource based theory is VRIO: Value should be created through resource There should be an element of uniqueness or rarity in the resource as compared to its competitors in the market The resource should not be imitable The resource of an organisation should not be substitutable with resources from other competitors Human Resource under VRIO Framework We have established that human resource is one of the components of sustained competitive advantage. Let us now further discuss it under the resource based (VRIO) framework (Barney Wright: 1997). Human Resource as Valuable As mentioned above, in order for human resource to become the source of sustained competitive advantage, it needs to add value to the firm (Elliot, 2003). According to Barney (1991), resources must possess additional characteristics, in order for them to add value to the organization. Other researchers believe that because of the variable level of skills and abilities of employees, there is a variance in individual contribution to the firm, consequently adding to the ability of human capital to provide value. (Wright, et al, 1994). In addition, value can also be created within the organisation for its human resource through regular training and development activities (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). Human Resource as Rare In contrast to the idea of rarity of human resources, it can be argued that labor pool is in fact homogenous due to existence of fairly high levels of unemployment, leading to an excess of supply of labor (Elliot, 2003). However, it is widely believed amongst the HR strategists that rarity in a human resource is derived from their variable levels of competencies and skills. For example, cognitive is an ability which is rarely found in all levels of human resource (Wright, et al, 1994). Since these rare competencies are distributed uniformly amongst the talent pool, therefore, quality human resource is rare (Lado and Wilson 1994). Human Resource as inimitable According to Wright et al (1994), If the competitive advantage gained through having a high quality skilled worker is easily imitable, then it not possible for human resource to constitute as a source of sustained competitive advantage. According to the RBV of competitive advantage, SHRM researches argue that the high quality workers can be imperfectly imitable, if they possess pre-requisites such as, unique historical background, casual ambiguity and social intricacy (Elliot, 2003). Furthermore, to sustain a competitive advantage, the human resource must also be imperfectly mobile i.e. that cannot be traded as regularly as possible (Amit Shoemaker; Grant; Peteraf, cited in Elliot 2003). However, William (1992) argues that nothing lasts forever and no matter what the organisation does, its competitive advantage will eventually be copied by its competitors. Therefore, he purposes the idea of First mover advantage- how fast an organization can maneuver across a range of competitive co nditions. Human Resource as non-substitutable Not able to be substituted mean that there must be no strategically equivalent valuable resources that are themselves either not rare or imitable (Barney 1991:111). Alternatively, if the resources are not rare and imitable, the other firms will be able to easily create and implement same business model and strategies, thus, invalidating the benefits of competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). However, it is widely argued that the biggest advantage to human resource is the fact that every person is genetically unique in a way that no two people are exactly identical, thus they are heterogeneous resource (Barney Wright, 1997; Wright et al, 1994; Pfeffer, 1995). In addition, human resources is the only source in an organisation, which has the potential to not to grow obsolete and can be easily introduced to new technologies, products and markets (Wright, et a, 1994). Furthermore, the time human resource spends in an oragnisation, adds to the experience which in turn adds to the total valu e of the organisation (Barney Wright, 1997). Applying RBV to SHRM and sustained competitive advantage As it is mentioned in para.2.1 that SHRM is a set of those HR policies and practices, which are designed to achieve long-term organizational goals. Though field of SHRM has not directly born of the RBV, it has clearly been instrumental to its development (Wright; Dunford; Snell: 2001). It was largely due to the fact that RBV shifted the view from external (environmental) factors to internal firm resources as a source of competitive advantage (Hoskisson: 1999). Therefore, amalgamation of RBV into SHRM should come as no surprise to the practitioners around the world. HR practices and sustained competitive advantage The potential of HR practices to establish a source of sustained competitive advantage has been argued greatly amongst academic researchers (Wright, et al: 2001). Two arguments came in quick succession in 1994. Wright et al (1994) suggested that HR practices (tools used to manage human pool), when studied under the RBV, VRIO framework (Barney and Wright: 1997), does not form the basis of sustained competitive advantage. As, individual HR practices can easily be imitated by competitors. Alternatively, they proposed that only the human resource capital (highly skilled and highly motivated workforce) has the potential to become the source of sustained competitive advantage for a firm (Elliot: 2003).In contrast, Lado and Wilson (1994) argued that HR practices are in fact the source of sustained competitive advantage for firm because HR systems (opposite to individual practices) can be unique, informally ambiguous and synergetic in way they develop firm competencies. Thus, HR practices wi th all its complementariness and interdependencies would be impossible to be copied by another competitor. This argument seems valid in the current SHRM paradigm (Wright, et al: 2001). Development and performance management The constant development in the field of SHRM has rendered RBV to achieve some consensus on the role of human resource in achieving sustained competitive advantage (Wright et al: 2001). These factors are illustrated in Fig.2.5. Fig.2.5: A model of basic strategic HRM components C:UsersShahrukhDesktop1-s2.0-S0149206301001209-gr1.gif Source: Journal of Management (2001) The components depicted in Fig.2.5 are only the levers by which a pool of human capital can be developed (Wright et al, 1994). The role of managers in a firm is inherently limited, when it comes to defining the sources of sustained competitive advantage under VRIO framework (wright et al 2001). However, Wright et al (1994) argues that the managers can play a vital role in developing a pool human capital (highly skilled and motivated workers) by superior HR practices such as: Extensive selection and recruitment process Systems to attract, identify and retain high quality employees Training programs aimed at increasing and developing individual skills and competencies Attractive wages and compensation packages Based on Wright et als(1994) model, Elliot(2003) suggests that the next aim of an HR manager is to affect the individual behavior of employees by introducing Performance Management Systems supportive of firms competitive strategy. For example, Reward systems, Appraisal systems, communication systems and socialization systems and encourage employees to improve their individual performance, where by, they can deliver and act in the best interest of the organization (Wright et al, 1994). Link between theory practice- Cafà © Expresso Here, we will link theory to practice, by practically, adding the example from the case-study on Cafà © Expresso. After Ben Thomson (CEO) decided to re-launch Cafà © Expressos business strategy, the main emphasis of his program was the refurbishment of HR department. As, this discussion focuses on modern HRM theories and practices in light of RBV, it is evident that the new HR director, Kam patel, applied almost the same strategy. For example: To start with, they set aside the external (outside-in) environment (Michigan model by Devanna et al (1984) and Porters forces model (1985)) and focused on the firms internal (Inside-out) HRM strategy and practices (RBV of the firm by Barney (1991) and Wright et al (1994)). Due to high turn-over of employees in the industry and weak retention, they identified the key human capital of the company, as a source of competitive advantage (based on Wright et al, 1994). Kam Patel, with her futuristic and modern approach, transformed the HR function as Partner Resources (based on Holbeche, 2009; Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). She introduced performance management systems, for example, objective and development needs, in relation to knowledge, technical skills and behavioral skills. Performance appraisal was conducted bi-annually and feedback from customers and peers were included in the process. (Based on Wright et al, 1994; Elliot, 2003). Under the VRIO framework (Barney, 1991), Cafà © Expresso did manage to create Value, Rarity, Inimitability and non-substitutability through their superior HR practices. Value and Rarity by introducing learning and development feature in their HR practice, for example, new recruits were encouraged to spend time on the floor. They spent a day in Cafà © Expresso development Centre, learning the company history and coffee industry. They were made Cafà © expresso ambassador by taking part in the coffee master program. They were groomed through mentor system, where both baristas and managers were provided with a buddy, who would support and provide assistance in their job. In addition, the new resourcing technique (window advertsing and word of mouth) meant that most of their selected partners were actually loyal customers in the past, which is a rare human resource pool in a firm (Harzing Pinnington, 2011). In-imitability and non-substitutability is measured by the fact that cafà © expresso possessed a unique team of partners (mostly former customers) with the same love and passion for coffee house experience amongst them. Furthermore, the retention strategy offered was of high quality and included wide range of benefits, for example, share option scheme and discount of 30% was offered to partners on all cafà © expresso stores. In addition, they empowered their partners to provide suggestions and ideas. Partner Voice a company magazine was introduced, by which all employees were kept aware of all the activities of the company (Harzing Pinnington, 2011). Conclusion One of the objectives, set in the introduction part of this paper was to analyse the HRM strategy of Cafà © Expresso in light of Barneys (1991) Resource Based Theory. It is proven from the discussion that Cafà © Expresso did work on its HR policies and practices based on the reigning Resource Based Theory by Barney and Wright. The link between Cafà © Expressos HR practices and companys performance has been established through the above mentioned theory. For example, when Ben Thomson did not find any solution in the external (industrial) environment, he turned his focus inside the company and immediately discovered problems in the internal resources; out of which the most important one was the HR function. With RBV of the firm he added value to the firm by employing an experienced HR director Kam Patel. She in turn added more value and rarity to the firm by introducing empirical HR strategies and unparalleled performance management systems. The result was that Cafà © Expresso star ted to grow and moved to second place in the industry (Harzing Pinnington, 2011). It has been established that human resource can become a source of competitive advantage in the industry, as well as, a possible source of sustained competitive advantage when scrutinized under VRIO framework (Wright et al, 1994). Furthermore, Cafà © Expresso did achieve the competitive advantage they hoped for, but the true test of the robustness of their strategy is in fact sustainability and development of the same. Finally, is it enough for Cafà © Expresso to not to worry any more about their current competitive advantage, as, they have fulfilled all the prerequisites of the Resource Based Theory of competitive advantage laid down in the paper? The answer will be discussed in the Recommendations part. Recommendations Despite the debate amongst strategists and scholars continue, regarding the effectiveness of RBV, there is no denying the fact that sustainability is the function of companys key resources and their immobility (Brahma Chakraborty, 2011). Undoubtedly, the question is what makes these resources absolutely, valuable? Petraf and Barney (2003:312) state that, Resource Based Theory (RBT) is not the only or a best substitute for industrial level analytical tools, such as five-force analysis (Porter, 1980) or for group analysis or analysis of macro environment. It is relatively an additional tool to complement all these tools, where by, one can search for possible causes of sustained competitive advantage. In view of the above, I have come up with following recommendations for cafà © expresso and their issue of sustained competitive advantage: Aphorism: Innovate or Die is a famous saying these days, which warns companies to innovate or face the consequences of being driven out of the market for good (Barney, Ketchen Wright, 2011). Rapid advancement in the field of Information sharing technologies, Globalisation and dynamic economic environment are some of the factors, which pose an existent threat to any companys competitive advantage in the market. Companies, such as Cafà © Expresso, should not only rely on one successful strategy for long but should constantly revise and develop new ideas to develop and maintain their competitive advantage. How time affects strategy? The common denominator is time; this approach helps managers become proactive in creating change- in policies, in practices and in processes. Williams (1992) suggested this theory for sustained competitive advantage, which I believe holds much valid in todays fierce business environment. The success in this theory is embedded in the managers ability to change the rules of the game so entirely that the competitors are left behind in the chase. The management of cafà © expresso should keep their options open and avoid fixation. Futuristic leadership at all levels in the organisation is one of the key factors to sustained competitive advantage. A visionary team of managers will push the organization towards innovation and creativity, avoiding stagnation in the process. Ben Thomson (current CEO) should constantly monitor market for new avenues and trends in the coffee house industry. He should also develop and train his key managers to become visionary and creative. Capacity for change is an all-time important element of a sustained competitive advantage. Due to highly fluid business environment, where new technologies and features enter the market every day, a company should possess a capacity to change its internal business ethos accordingly. Human resource in an organization has a great capacity to change and being exposed to new environments. Being Customer focused is last but not the least of worries for a company such as, cafà © expresso. The kind of industry in which it operates is directly involved in customer service and satisfaction. Much study has been done on customer service and retention in the past two decades or so, because the focuses of almost all the businesses have now shifted in the direction of its customers. The future of entire coffee house business is embedded in this single aspect.