Midieval Technology And Social Change :: essays research papers

Medieval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change Oxford University Press originally distributed Medieval Technology and Social Change in 1962. It talks about the mechanical advances during the medieval occasions and how these progressions influenced society. The book's writer, Lynn White, Jr., was conceived in San Francisco in 1907. Instructed at Stanford, Union Theological, and Princeton, White educated at Princeton and the University of California at Los Angeles. He was additionally leader of Mills College in Oakland from the 1940s to the 1960s. His different works incorporate Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays, distributed in 1978 and Life & Work in Medieval Europe, the Evolution of Medieval Economy from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century, distributed in 1982. White's work has been compelling both in medieval history and the historical backdrop of science. In Medieval Technology and Social Change, White inspects the job of mechanical advancement during the ascent of s ocial gatherings in the Middle Ages. White starts with the innovation of the stirrup. He shows how this development, thusly, presented substantial, long-extend mounted force to the medieval combat zone. The improvement in this way raised little scope strife to "shock combat." Cannons and fire hurlers followed, as accomplished increasingly tranquil creations, for example, watermills and harvesters. White likewise surveys the advancement of the manorial framework with the presentation of new sorts of furrows and new strategies for crop revolution. He audits the development of the scratch blast through the substantial furrow and clarifies the utilization of each kind in various zones of Europe. White next examines the social impacts of feudalism and how it spread from the Franks to Spain and later to England. He shows that military help turned into a matter of class, with grounds and titles being traded for the promise to fill in as mounted warriors. The idea of the k night's obligation to his master converted into valor and respectable commitment. White at that point wanders into the moderate breakdown of feudalism, coming to fruition with the improvement of machines and devices. This caused the presentation of production lines, which replaced cabin ventures. Albeit White's work misses the mark in a couple of zones, it is significant for the consideration that it pays to parts of medieval history that time after time go disregarded White's work is significant on the grounds that he advocates the significance of science and innovation to medieval history. Prior to White, barely any researchers felt that any noteworthy science or building was done in Europe during the Middle.

Quit Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stop Smoking - Essay Example Measurable realities inside the United States uncover that smoking is one among the main preventable reasons for death. The explanation I pick this paper is that it unequivocally expresses the reactions related with direct smoking. What's more, it offers arrangements important to empower addicts free themselves from this servitude. Besides, the message on this archive will assume a huge job in helping those that have begun smoking in the close to time. Then again, it will debilitate potential smokers. Aside from playing out the capacity of caution, it enlarges the information base about the impacts of direct smoking. Thusly, this will permit an uncommon decrease in the quantity of smokers internationally with thinking about the current measurable pattern. The demonstration of smoking roundabout tobacco or some other unsafe substance from the earth, makes one a recycled smoke. As it were, recycled smokers are otherwise called inactive smokers. Impacts emerging from one being a detached smoker are not as hurtful contrasted with those of direct smoking. A portion of the impacts that aloof smokers are probably going to experience incorporate unexpected losses, expanded odds of one to experience the ill effects of lung malignant growth, and from heart entanglements. Among youngsters, it may likewise result to less than ideal demise and ear inconveniences. The record likewise gives the important answers for non-smokers to maintaining a strategic distance from these impacts. The motivation behind this web-archive is to play out an educative job to both the smokers and the aloof smokers. It has obviously shown a portion of the symptoms related with being an aloof smoker. This report will make it feasible for a smoker to secure the wellbeing status of the latent smokers. So also, the non-smokers will have the option to abstain from smoking zones or being around a consuming cigarette. The report has offered powerful arrangement that will guarantee the medical problems are a need. Besides, through this archive the smokers are relied upon to be increasingly capable in wording

Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Education

Question: Examine about the diverse term for Differential Diagnosis And Treatment Education? Answer: Differential Diagnosis of Hypertension The systolic pulse (SBP) is considered as a main consideration for the discovery of hypertension (Quinn et al. 2010). The Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring is the differential test done to recognize exact hypertension. The beneath portrayed in ABPM process for conclusion: - Screening and distinguishing proof of Blood Pressure It includes routine screening procedure of circulatory strain assessment. The assessed circulatory strain is ordered according to segments underneath: - HTN stages Systolic (BP mmHg) Diastolic (BP mmHg) Pre-HTN 120-139 80-89 HTN stage 1 140-159 90-99 HTN stage 2 160 100 Table 1: The phases of hypertension (Source: Quinn et al. 2010, p. 245) The conclusion method included deciding the circulatory strain of patient with mobile pulse estimation procedure (ABPM). The ABPM is a little, portable, programmed machine that is associated with patients circulatory strain sleeve in the medical clinic room. This is considered as the most precise estimation of circulatory strain and for the most part utilized as a differential analysis of hypertension (Patton, Frank Clark, 2013). The ABPM gadget is utilized to record circulatory strain of the patient with instrument oscillometry. In this procedure, the circulatory strain was estimated in normal interim of 20 to 30 moment for coming 24 to 48hours. The accounts of pulse are accounted for 24hours isolated into two segment day readings (conscious BP) and night readings (rest BP). Differential finding of Type - 2 Diabetes Mellitus The Patient relates to manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Type-2 will experience the differential conclusion tests that includes the accompanying three tests Finding Test: - Test Sign of DM2 Hemoglobin A1C test 6.5% Fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) 126mg/dL 2h plasma glucose level 200mg/dL Arbitrary Plasma glucose level 200mg/dL Table 2: Test for finding of diabetes mellitus type-2 (Source: American Diabetes Association, 2010, p. 67) Hemoglobin A1C test This finding decides the joined glucose atoms to hemoglobin cells of the blood. This demonstrates the volume of blood glucose level that is been conveyed by hemoglobin atoms from most recent 3 months and not been changed over to glycogen in the body (Inzucchi, 2012). Strategy for determination: - The blood glucose level is tried in three spans that are before, a great many dinners and sleep time test The blood test of the patient is gathered each time by the conventional technique for pricking the fingertip and the Blood Glucose Meter gathers blood test for getting the perusing of test. The test outcomes are recorded and concentrated by authority Stages Hemoglobin A1C levels for DM2 Typical 5.7% Prediabetes 6.5% Diabetes 5.7 to 6.4% Table 3: Stages of hemoglobin level for DM2 (Source: Inzucchi, 2012, p.545) Fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) The FPG test is utilized to decide blood glucose level in the phase of fasting where the body doesn't get glucose for 8 hours. In this testing if the estimation of blood glucose level comes high, demonstrates just that glucose which isn't changed over to glycogen in the body and stays in the blood. However, in this examination conclusions the glucose particles joined to plasma cells of blood (Chattopadhyay et al. 2013). Steps of finding: - The patient is told to stay in fasting stage since night untill 8-10 hours; just took into consideration water utilization. In morning (8:00 am) after culmination of 10 hours, the blood test was directed by gathering blood test from arm of body and sent for research center investigation Stages FPG glucose level Typical 110 mg/dL Debilitated fasting glucose 111 to 125 mg/dL Diabetic 126 mg/dL Table 4: Stages of FPG test for DM2 (Source: Inzucchi, 2012, p.546) 2-Hour Plasma glucose level The patient is permitted to have a feast after FPG and again by following comparative technique, the blood test was gathered following 2 hours of the dinner (11:00 am) to decide the plasma glucose level. Irregular Plasma glucose level This last test is performed arbitrarily in any timeframe inside the day to decide the typical blood glucose level. The estimation of arbitrary plasma glucose test can change with time and feast devoured by the patient. Be that as it may, if the irregular plasma glucose level is resolved high joined with FPG and hemoglobin A1C test, it affirms diabetes mellitus type - 2 in the patient (Chattopadhyay et al. 2013). For gathering the blood test, comparative strategy depicted in FPG was followed yet the hour of inspecting is 3:00 pm. Differential determination of Ischemic coronary illness The accompanying investigation was performed to affirm Ischemic coronary illness in the patient. Reverberation Stress test or Cardiac Echo The coronary heart blockages show no side effects at resting position. In any case, at the time of activity or stress when the heart siphons and requires more blood for oxygenation, the coronary heart blockages permit a moderate blood stream towards heart making the starvation stage in the body. This starvation prompts advancement of indications in ischemic coronary illness. In this starvation condition, the ordinary development of septum gets limited in heart showing ailment (McMurray et al. 2012). Finding technique Any of the past heart related drug was halted 2-3 days preceding this test The patient is told to not have any supper or drink three hours before reverberation stress test The patient is purchased to resound research facility at resting stage, where the ordinary working of the considerable number of dividers of the heart is dictated by echocardiogram (EKG or ECG). A boring gel is applied on the chest and the reverberation transducer is put over the chest. This transducer permits getting imaging of heart from different areas as required in the test. Understanding was permitted to hold breath and discharge for clear picture new, the patient is told to experience practice stage till starvation and the pressure reverberation readings are gathered from starvation stage by comparative way utilizing echocardiogram All the account were gathered and dissected by authority in ECG research center (Qaseem et al. 2012) Spiroergometry This test includes the procedure to analyze the high respiratory rate prompting breathing issues in the patient experiencing ischemic coronary illness. The spirometry includes the way toward recording ECG in the phase of most extreme oxygen take-up by the body (McPhee Papadakis, 2010). Finding strategy The patient is permitted to practice on the bike ergometer to arrive at the phase of starvation. The breathing veil of instrument gathers the air quiet in breathing in and breathing out. This respiratory air is utilized to decide the oxygen take-up, AT, RCP, discharge carbon-di-oxide and greatest oxygen take-up of the body (Nabel Braunwald, 2012). Plan Prescription Prescription Reason Hyzaar SIG For treatment of hypertension and bringing down the danger of stroke metFORMIN The oral medication to control glucose level explicitly type-2 diabetes mellitus. amLODIPine These are calcium channel blockers that expansion blood stream in the body and give unwinding to veins. Lantus An artificially developed type of insulin used to bring down the blood glucose level Aspir 81 Ibuprofen prescription is given to decrease torment, fever and irritation in body Labetalol Beta blockers for the treatment of hypertension Atorvastatin This medication is inhibitors of HMG CoA that diminishes cholesterol level and triglycerides level in blood Cipro Anti-toxin for treatment of disease in body Table 5: Prescribed prescriptions with their method of reasoning (Source: Patton, Frank Clark, 2013, p. 3456) Training Pee tract disease in men: care guidelines The accompanying guidelines are required to be followed for command over urinary tract contamination Obviously comprehend the reason for contamination Embrace individual cleanliness rehearses however much as could be expected Wash hands when pee and suppers Admission a lot of water, least 3-4glasses every day to clear happening contamination Admission food containing nutrient D that are broccoli, oranges and different citrus natural products Use cotton underpants Practice safe intercourse with insurances like condom Cut off caffeine and liquor utilization Call experts in circumstances like diminished pee stream, pee trouble and no vacant bladder feeling after pee (Hooton, 2012). Non-drug medicines The non-drug medicines are not the piece of standard prescription convention but rather are verbally trained by doctors for the board and care of wellbeing conditions. Non-prescription treatment for DMT2 Eat plant food that controls DMT2 that are okra, peas, sage, fenugreek seeds, buckwheat and brewers yeast Admission rich sinewy eating regimen Diabetes is constantly connected with weight gain; along these lines, receive weight reduction forms like activities or yoga Get standard glucose investigation and eye test once in 3 months (Gagnier et al. 2013) Non-prescription treatment for hypertension Have a DASH diet to lessen hypertension that is recommended by specialists. Run diet includes eating of organic products, vegetables, entire grains, fish, poultry and low-fat dairy items (Birdee et al. 2010) limit the admission of fat-rich eating regimen Rich admission of magnesium, calcium and potassium Keep up standard 30 to an hour of activity calendar to have lower circulatory strain Old yoga, qigong and judo unwinding techniques are additionally useful as non-drug for hypertension (Yildirim et al. 2010) Non-drug treatment for Ischemic coronary illness Have plant base di

Drawbacks of recession in the economy Term Paper

Disadvantages of downturn in the economy - Term Paper Example 9-passage 1). In this way, financial aspects and cultural analysts view and measure other scope of factors, for example, the general government assistance of individuals, level of costs among numerous other monetary development or decay markers. Subsequently, for the reasons for this article, the paper will concentrate on the disadvantages of downturn to the worldwide economies with a slanted enthusiasm for the United States of America. In particular, the paper would express how downturn prompts increment in joblessness principles, decrease in the personal satisfaction or government assistance and a decrease in the cost of advantages. In the first place, there is the example and circumstance of falling yield or the national creation level. It is basic to note and notice that once the nation produces lesser than the genuine potential, the GDP or the total proportion of estimation of a country’s riches would be diminished. The measure of genuine Gross household item legitimately identifies with the measure of pay that a similar individual or substance would be figure it out. Therefore, the measure of wages would be slanted to develop in a more slow rate or decrease inside and out. There stems a blend of workers motivations and inclination to make a structure inside the legislature to redistribute assets (Palley, 2013, p. 25-section 2). For example in the United States of America, Walmart retailers as a business to numerous individuals has in the past built up a program of remunerating its workers through rewards and constant compensations and pay increment. Anyway during the hour of national downturn, the representatives of Walmart were neither given rewards nor compensation increments. Rather, there was a decrease in their total budgetary advantages, for example, being given just their fundamental compensations and wages. In this manner, in all angles and decency, it is basic to take note of that the compensation levels and reward of the workers diminished. Furthermore, during times of monetary

Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Income Recognition Essay The income acknowledgment standard is an establishment of collection bookkeeping and one of the primary standards of GAAP. The income acknowledgment standard is a lot of rules that causes bookkeepers to distinguish when an income occasion has occurred and how to suitably record money trades previously, during, and after the income occasion. As per the income acknowledgment head, income must (1) be acknowledged or feasible and (2) earned, so as to be perceived. As per the SEC income is acknowledged when (1) Persuasive proof of a game plan exists, (2) Delivery has happened or benefits have been rendered, (3) The seller’s cost to the purchaser is fixed or definable, and (4) Collectability is sensibly guaranteed. It is basic for the clients of budget reports to realize that the genuine incomes are recorded and unveiled and not false incomes. An imperative of GAAP that is applicable to the income acknowledgment guideline is the materiality standard. False incomes will make misquotes that could materially affect the choices of budget summary clients. In 2002, WorldCom a media transmission organization, petitioned for financial protection. It was later uncovered that the organization was associated with inappropriate bookkeeping in two significant structures. First WorldCom swelled incomes to expand benefits, in this manner expanding stock costs, and expanding the fulfillment of partners. Second, the organization downplayed line costs. Income is imperative to clients of budget summaries since it causes them assess a company’s execution and possibilities. WorldCom disregarded the income acknowledgment standard by making a record that didn't originate from the working exercises of the company’s deals channel. WorldCom named this imaginary timetable corporate unallocated account. This activity was untrustworthy and unlawful, and gave the organization an extremely awful notoriety. As per section 25 of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, on account of its significance to compelling inner power over money related announcing, the examiner must assess the control condition at the organization. As a major aspect of assessing the control condition, the reviewer ought to evaluate the accompanying, †¢Does administrations theory and working style advance successful inside authority over money related announcing? Has the organization created sound uprightness and moral qualities, and all the more significantly, do all workers comprehend these qualities, especially top administration? †¢Does the Board or review panel comprehends and practices oversight obligation over monetary detailing and inward control? The control condition is the thing that establishes the pace for an association and is the establishment for every other segment of inward control. It gives order and structure and mirrors the moral qualities, trustworthiness and skills of the association. The control condition is essential to powerful inside command over money related answering to a review customer like WorldCom, in light of the fact that great structures can forestall and distinguish cheats and blunders. But since WorldCom had such a poor control condition, the organization would require additionally testing for a review. This shows the board didn't practice oversight obligations over budgetary revealing or interior controls. As per PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 passages 26 27, the top-side changing diary sections are the point at which the administrators record the sections, or when the bookkeepers are asked by the officials to record the sections. A legitimate utilization of top-side diary passages is to allot pay or costs from a parent organization to its auxiliaries. In any case, top-side alterations can likewise be utilized to inappropriately diminish risk records and increment income or reduction costs. Organizations experiencing mergers, acquisitions or rebuilding are especially helpless to the deceitful abuse of top-side diary passages. Important proof to get incorporate deals solicitations, credit updates, client ace document list, investigative methods, and bookkeeping frameworks. In the examining of WorldCom, we would require changing diary sections, the MonRev spreadsheets itemizing income, the corporate unallocated plan, the mechanized procedure for shutting and merging operational income numbers, and respectability of a top-side diary passage made to their income account. We would likewise require the approval of the CFO or any officials. Great morals is extremely noteworthy for an association. At the point when moral problems are not perceived there could be not kidding outcomes that could prompt detainment. Moreover, an organization will lose its notoriety right away. Expecting that Lorenzo and Taranto realized that the passages being proposed by Scott Sullivan were deceitful they ought not have recorded the diary sections as they were coordinated. On the off chance that WorldCom had a control situation where it took multiple workers to scheme to submit such a huge extortion, and where the board kept an eye on the corporate changing sections, this could have been forestalled. Workers ought to be prepared and guided by a code of morals and saw with proper impacts for infringement

New Developments In Todays Court Room - Free Essay Example

Cameras in the courtroom although not a new topic still seems to be a topic of hot debate. According to an article entitled, Sotomayor Should Push for Cameras in the Courtroom just published in June of 2009; A federal judicial courtroom is still deciding about the judges discretionary power to allow camera in the court room even in 2009 (Breyer Hyatt, 2009). This paper will attempt to look at the history of cameras in the courtroom, the pros and the cons of cameras in our courtrooms, famous court room cases watched by america, and the evolution of cameras in our court rooms today. Cameras first came into play in one of the biggest trials of the 20th century; Bruno Hauptmann for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindberghs child. This led to the restriction of cameras and ultimately led to new laws being adopted to protect privacy; reporters were not restricted due to the media frenzy that ensued as a result of the the Lindbergh case. In turn, this case led to The A merican Bar Association recommended, and many states adopted, rules restricting the use of television cameras, still cameras and broadcast recorders and microphones in courtrooms (Prak, M., Davis, J, p. 2). Another major move in the history of cameras in the court room came in 1965 from Texas In 1965, the United States Supreme Court held that Texas financier Bill Sol Estes had his rights violated by allowing a camera to records his trail (p. 2). This debate would linger for years in which journalists were banned from using cameras, microphones or ever recorders when it came to court proceedings. Another important step forward for camera in the court room is CSPAN was the first ever television station to televise a Supreme Court senate confirmation, the senate confirmation of Sandra OConnor. This proved to be a historic day as it paved the way for televised court proceeding. The next big debate for cameras in the courtroom would come in 1981 in the case of Chandler vs. Florida when the idea of cameras had become less foreign and less like an intrusive object into the world of justice, As a result of camera allowed in trials against two Florida men who were accused of burglary both asserted they had been denied a fair trial. The court in the decision of Chandler v. Florida upheld there convictions. The court ruled that both did not have a valid argument that the criminal trial being broadcast after their right to due process. Furthermore the court argued there was no data that proved that the presence of the media affected the process (Prak, M., Davis, J, p. 2). As a result of this case you could argue this also paved the way for popularizing and glarorizing televised courtroom programs such as Court TV and many other court room shows that are popular. Although the rules and regulations for cameras in the court room has changed dramatically over the years some principles still stand. Court room cameras are still not allowed in juvenile court proceedin gs, adoption cases and child custody cases. These types of special hearings are still considered protected from the medias eye. There are many pros to allowing a camera to be involved in the court room process. According to the International Debate Education Association; putting cameras in court will improve public confidence in the judiciary and the system of justice as a whole. It is difficult to see how the public can have confidence in a system that most of them never see (Weeks, 2000). The article goes on further to report, Weeks goes on further to argue that court preceding especially in other countries deal with the doctrine of president, in essence one case decides the fate of those that follow (Weeks, 2000). Finally, one of the last arguments for proponents of camera in the court room is that we as a society have certain rights, especially when it comes to public court proceeds. Anyone can attend these proceeding no matter if they are involved in the case or just a ci tizen who wants to observe. With that in mind how is broadcasting it any different? It is making readily available to individuals who already have the right to view it. On the opposite side, those opposed to cameras in the court room also have valid points; Weeks states that television and the media is distorted and sensationalized and therefore citizens would not get a great or accurate picture of what is actually going on in the legal proceedings. The same article also points out yet another reason we as a society should rethink the idea of cameras in the court room; The system of justice will actually be harmed by televising trials, for two reasons; the effect upon the witnesses and victims of crime, and the possible corruption of the jury and witnesses. Firstly, the prospect that an alleged victim of a crime will have to give evidence in court already deters many from bringing prosecutions. Victims will be much less prepared to give evidence if they know that this painf ul experience is going to be seen by an audience of millions (Weeks, 2000). Are we exposing victims and potential witnesses just for the entertainment of those watching? This could essentially skew the trial process all together; There is a clear tension between the democratic right of the people at large to watch a trial, and the liberty of the defendant in any given case. It is a fundamental precept of many legal systems that the defendant is innocent until proven guilty. By showing the defendant on television, the general public will be able to reach conclusions about guilt or innocence that may not be reflected in the final verdict of the jury. People will tend to assume that theres no smoke without fire although this principle cannot properly be applied to the criminal justice system (Weeks, 2000). In conclusion, there are many reasons for and against why having cameras in the courtroom is either appropriate or inappropriate. However, at the time it appears cameras ar e here to stay. One of the most famous cases proves the good and the bad when it comes to cameras in the court room, the case of O.J. Simpson. Everyone knows the infamous case of O.J. Simpson. According to one source over a one-third of the American Public watched the infamous trial (Jrank.org, 1994). The article goes on to point out an even bigger picture of just how the media covered this trial: Over two thousand reporters covered the trial, and 80 miles of cable was required to allow nineteen television stations to cover the trial live to 91 percent of the American viewing audience. When the verdict was finally read on October 3, 1995, some 142 million people listened or watched. It seemed the nation stood still, divided along racial lines as to the defendants guilt or innocence. During and after the trial, over eighty books were published about the event by most everyone involved in the Simpson case (Jrank.org, 1994). This trail could be labeled as the Trial of the Cent ury in the modern world. One question many have brought up is why? What was the medias fascination with this case or criminal cases in general? According to an article entitled The Publics Fascination with The O.J. Simpson Trial we as a society are voyeurs; According to Lustberg, Americans have always been fascinated with public figures and celebrities. He asserts that as a society who has become increasing engrossed in the lives of other due to all the new technological advances. As a result, the O.J. Simpson story provided people with emotional and physical entertainment. (Lustberg, 1995). In essence it seems that we as a society will always have a fascination with watching court room drama. Whether real or fake it appears as a society the fascination with media in the Court room is here to stay and might explain why a number of TV shows are popping up involving courts. One of the most new types of shows are Judge Shows The shows that mock legal court proceedings in an effor t to get ratings. According to one article: There is one brand of reality show that seems to succeed where all others have failed. The judge shows that grace morning television all over America have become extremely popular with those who are home to watch them. (Noriega, 2006). This is the newest adaptation of voyeurism in the court, although most are not set in a real courtroom they mock the essence of the courtroom which obviously appears to America. In conclusion, it appears Americas fascination with media in the Courtroom is here to stay. Although there are many legal issues that still need to be figured out and the rules and regulations are different in every jurisdiction, Media in the Courts is here to stay. Although this issue will probably remain in debate for many years to come one thing is for sure: Whereas if you have a camera in the courtroom, theres no filtering. What you see is whats there. (ITO, 1995) and that is probably one of the main reasons cameras have been allowed the courtroom. The camera is an unbiased eye that lets the general public see for themselves what actually goes on in the courtroom and make their own conclusions.

A Case Of Ethical Egoism And Utilitarianism - Free Essay Example

Right from our childhood, everyone whether parents or teachers tried to teach us that every action of ours has consequences. Clean our room, get extra desserts. Throw a tantrum, get sent to your room. But in reality, we were just being prepared for intellectual philosophical debates, to deal with morality, which is the distinction between right and wrong. It is believed by most of the philosophers that the ethical equality of an action is judged completely by its results. But here, an important question arises: How will someone judge what is right and wrong ?. Some people say that right and wrong can be judged through the intentions of the person performing the action. Whereas, at the same time, some people say that right and wrong can only be judged by the action of the person. But judging what is right and wrong just by action give rise to another question which binds us in a complete dilemma. What makes an action moral or immoral ?. Some consequentialist responds to this question by saying outcome of that action defines whether the action was moral or immoral. In other words, only the end justifies the means. But how will someone decide whether the consequence itself is good or bad, moral or immoral? People act for many reasons. Some of the important questions which arise are For whom ? or For what ? or Should they act for themselves ? or Should they act for God ? or Should they act for good of the planet ?. So with this, another important question arises, Can an individual ever act only according to his own interests without the regard for interests of other people? Also can an individual ever truly act for others completely disregarding his own interests ? To answer such questions and determine the morality of the action, two basic arguments: Utilitarianism and Ethical egoism came into existence, which are two faces of the same coin named Consequentialism. OVERVIEW Utilitarianism is one of the best known and the most influential moral theory. The basic idea behind this theory is that whether actions are wrong or right based on the results produced by it. According to Utilitarianism thoughts, actions are judged by the means how much they are benefited to the majority of human beings. This means that utilitarians believe that a moral consequence is that which produces the greatest good for the vast majority of the people. Philosophers call this Utility. In other words, an action can be called moral if it produces the most utility or is the most beneficial to a large group of people. According to Bentham: Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.1 But there are multiple ways to define this. The greatest good could mean happiness or it might also mean the best chance at survival. For example, If someone is walking down the street and sees an apartment on fire. What is the right thing to do? What is moral? He is going to be judged based on the results that come from his actions, and also his actions should produce the greatest happiness to a great number of people. For example, someone is walking down a lane and sees an apartment on fire. The first choice is to keep walking. So in this situation, he has three choices. The first choice is that he keeps walking neglecting the fire. As the consequence, large number of people will die and no one is saved. So this action has the most negative consequence and is considered immoral. The second choice the person has is he himself jumps into the burning apartment and rescue as many people as he can. The consequence is that few people are saved, so this action can be considered moral. The third choice is that he calls the fire department which will save everyone present in the burning apartment. So this act is the most moral choice as it has the most positive consequence. But, not every time, the situation would look simple. When considering into utility, it is hard to predict which action producing the greatest good for the majority of the people could have a negative influence on oneself ? Utilitarianism requires selflessness and foresight to figure out how ones action will affect the vast majority of people and not just oneself. Utilitarianism is one face of the coin which helps one to decide whether the consequence was right or wrong. Moral or immoral..? Another face of the same coin is Ethical Egoism. In this, morality is defined by the impact of ones action on himself. One does not need to worry about causing greater good to great number of people, instead one should work on ones self- interests. In other words, by the theory of ethical egoism, it is just immoral to risk your own life than to be killed by someone else. The theory of ethical egoism may sound selfish in nature. But a lot of our legal system supports this theory. Suppose if I decide not to help someone in need, then I build up a bad reputation and no one will help me when I am in need. So it will be in my own interests and benefit to consider other peoples need and aid them. In other words, in this situation, trying to help other people is the best way to help myself since all the other people will think that I am well, hence based on the above scenario, egoists argue that self-interest creates a very strong sense of responsibility towards others. But this thing is likely to create conflict because there can be situations where ones pursuit of his self-interest might disrupt others pursuit of self-interest. Each person wishes the cooperation of others to acquire items inclusive of friendship. Supporter of ethical egoism James Rachel says: It is possible for people to act altruistically and perhaps many people act that way, but there is no reason why they should do so. A person is under no obligation to do anything except what is in his own interests2. Incase of a fire hazard, the person witnessing this would simply ignore this as doing anything would not be in his own self-interest which will lead to him avoiding the situation. The above arguments requires a deeper analysis to provide sustainable insight of both the concepts. ANALYSIS OF BOTH POSITIONS Utilitarians believe that their theory of Utilitarianism is relativistic instead of absolutist. Absolutist moral views believe that certain action will always be morally wrong irrespective of the consequences. For example many campaigning group suggests that torture is always morally wrong and unacceptable, whether it is to instil fear in the population or to stop the terrorist activities. But Utilitarians having a relativistic moral views says that whether an action is right or wrong will always depend on the consequence produced. They would say that torture is morally acceptable and right if it is used to stop the terrorist atrocities and thus producing a great amount of pleasure among a vast population. Also, many philosophers believe that this theory is impartial. Its main aim is to secure the maximum amount of pleasure for a large population. It does not give special preference regarding which people should have access to it and which people should not. Utilitarian theory is associated with equal consideration of interests, as far as total pleasure is maximized. A major flaw in the theory of utilitarianism can be related to the tyranny of the majority. As this theory is a relativistic one, it seems to be opened up to cases where majority exploit the minority for a greater good and the pleasure. For example, the total pleasure of a large and prosperous country would be maximized if all the resources of a small country were forcibly taken away from them and exploited by the people of a larger country. This act seems to be immoral and unjust if seen through humanity point of view, but according to utilitarianism, this act is completely just and moral as it brings a great amount of pleasure to the population of the larger country which robbed the smaller country of its resources. Another flaw in this theory is judging the action to be morally right or wrong only after the consequences come in front of us. The flaw is that there is no one in this world who can predict the future. So, it seems wrong to base our ethical choices on what may or may not come about in the future. Its a mistake to generalize an action based on right or wrong because each action is done on the basis of different contexts and circumstances. Euthanasia, the biggest bioethical problem is the end of life filled with struggle and pain. Utility favors an action right if all it gives pleasure in its highest sense. For people, euthanasia is a product of snatching away of all pleasures from life leaving only pain and struggle and hence opposes utility in a sense that it degrades the value of life which for many people is an opportunity to experience all sorts of pleasures that the society can offer them. Euthanasia is not only the struggle of the person asking for it but also for people related to him/her, which eventually leads to taking an atrocious decision against all odds. More number of people become sad seeing their own loved one suffer without any recovery. Demanding euthanasia is more of a self-interest act in order to get rid of all the pain in life disregarding the concerns of other people related to the person, which brings us to the concept of ethical egoism. Egoists also argue that if so called unselfish actions produce self satisfaction in the doer and this sense of satisfaction is pleasant state of consciousness, and according to ethical egoism, the important point of action is to achieve pleasant state of consciousness instead of bringing good to others. But there are people who argue, Isnt the unselfish man the one who derives satisfaction from helping others and selfish man doesnt ? The people who argue this have a view that the people who derive satisfaction from others are the one being selfish rather than the people who only pursue their own interests. Ethical Egoists believe that there is no particular action which can be considered as plainly wrong. As long as an action serves to promote your own interests, then it is morally right thing to do. But then, there will be situations where rape, murder, stealing and lying will be right thing to do according to some people, as these actions are the best means of promoting their own interests. But these things are really disgusting. Some things are just plain wrong even if they would benefit someone, which cannot be explained by this theory. It is an advantage for everyone to live in a society where peoples rights and interests are respected and also only in such a society, someone can live a happy and secure life. So, being kind to others would merely be doing someones part to create and maintain such society which is an advantage to him. So, Egoists believe that they are not so bad man as they would be as kind and considerate as anyone else because it is to their own advantage. But at the same time, people who oppose ethical egoism argue that there is no reason for egoists to think that if they wont honor the rules of social game then a decent society would collapse. Also, an egoist cant endorse that egoism be universally adopted by all and sundry, as he desires a global wherein his very own interests are maximized and if other people adopted the egoistic coverage of pursuing their personal pursuits then any such international could be not possible. So basically an egoist wants others to be altruists. So ethical egoism is at bottom inconsistent because it cannot be universalised. If everyone else is seeking to pursue their own interests, then it makes it more difficult for someone to achieve his goals. The exposure argument towards moral egoism basically proposes that ethical theories have to be publicized, or made recognized to everybody possible, due to the fact these arguments are approximately dwelling a very good existence. However, the moral egoist will prefer actions in his intention, if he continues this a secret and allows others to continue performing altruistically. The extra he convinces others to do selfless matters on behalf of himself and others, the higher off he could be in attaining his own self hobbies. So ethical egoism is satisfactory applied through trying to misinform others. Since the purpose of ethical egoism is personal happiness or pleasure, and one way that most of the people benefit pleasure is from wholesome relationships with others, it would appear that comradeship and circle of relatives may be goals for an ethical egoist. However, deep friendships and loving family relationships require performing selfless acts on behalf of buddies and own family. Can a person whos usually concerned most effective together with his personal hobbies and in no manner with others, ever have sincerely deep friendships? This is referred to as the paradox of ethical egoism. Ethical egoism has no solutions to offer when a problem arises involving conflicts of interests. It would even include hurting the other people knowing that nothing bad would ever come to that person, for example murdering someone when someone is sure that no one will ever find out. The Golden rule of Kant, which says, One should treat others as he would like to be treated. This would seem moral and logical as one would never wish to harm themselves.This theory never covers this blot of selfishness. The first example is the best example of unpredictability flaw of utilitarianism, suppose five trackers were trapped in a landslide. Rescue operation was delayed for ten days and they could have died of hunger. So they arrive at a decision to eat one of their friends for food supply. One of the person is selected randomly and is killed by other four friends. Also, in rescue operation, ten rescue workers die. After the rescue operation is successful, all the four survivors were found guilty of murdering their friend and were given death penalty. So studying this example, the sacrifice of the tracker to save his four friend was just a waste. That tracker thought from utilitarian perspective that only one should die instead of all five, and other four will live a happy life. But eventually, all of them were killed along with ten rescue workers in this situation. Had he thought from ethical egoism point of view, only five of them would have died instead of fourteen people. Was the sacrif ice made by the tracker morally right or wrong ? A real life example in which one cannot judge who is right and wrong just by using these two theories is Statue Of Unity. A lots of crores of money and manpower has been spent in building this statue by the government. It may be possible that government has taken this task to show their potential and power. Some people believe that this is the case and government is being egoist. Critics argue that the money spent on the statue could have provided food and shelter to large number of people. So the task of making the statue is waste of resources. But at the same time, there are people who think that this statue will be a tourist attraction which will provide employment to the tribals living their, improving their condition of life. Even if this is true, there will still be lot of money to be spent on this monument for maintaining it. So was it a justified act to spent the peoples money on this statue rather than spending it on improving the lifestyle of people who have difficulty in g etting one time food? CONCLUSION Of course, there will always remain many difficult philosophical problems. On the same hand, there are so many utilitarianism and ethical egoism theories, which is believed by many people that these theories can solve most of the philosophical problem. Still, there are so many philosophical problems which remain unsolved even in todays world. The modern society is made up of a large number of people with their own unique thinking ability and everyone has the right to act on their own, according to their interests. Everyone in the society has their own set of ideals and even own way to attain pleasure. It is not always necessary that everyone in the society will get pleasure from the same thing. The thing which brings pleasure to some group of individuals may bring pain to the other group simultaneously. Another question is, Can the amount of pleasure that one person gets from particular action be compared with the amount of pleasure of different person doing different task? It is literally impossible to compare the pleasure and pain of different individuals doing different tasks. So, not a single philosophical problem in modern world can be solved only by using the theory of utilitarianism or the theory of ethical egoism. We need a collection of all such theories into one theory which will result into the maximum utility and is accepted and just to a vast majority of people. But how can someone take a utilitarian decision when his own loved ones are on stake? Ones instinct will always insist to take wrong decisions and will lead in favor of his own loved ones if not Should the right to pursue ones self interest always be given the highest priority? In any case, it is difficult to choose between ethical egoism and utilitarianism.